Аэродинамика и устойчивость потока в относительно длинных циклонных камерах

The article presents and analyzes the results of an experimental study of the aerodynamics of the flow in the working volume of cyclone chambers of a large relative length, significantly exceeding the length of the chambers that were used in the previous studies. Air supply to the chamber swirler was carried out tangentially from diametrically opposite sides by two inlet channels. The air discharge from the working volume of the chamber was made from the opposite end of the chamber through a round axisymmetric hole. The values of the area of the inlet channels and the diameter of the outlet were varied with replaceable incrustations and clamps. The experiments were performed with the use of laser Doppler anemometry. As a result, previously unknown features of flow formation in the working volume of relatively long cyclone chambers have been determined. The main characteristic values of the working volume flow have determined as well. In particular, the determining influence of the flow core characteristics on its structure in relatively long cyclone chambers has been discovered. The calculated ratios have been chosen to determine these values depending on the geometrical characteristics of the chamber under study. The boundary of the near-wall flow region, in which favorable conditions for the flow instability are created, is determined. Numerical simulation of the flow in the ANSYS Fluent software has been performed. Based on its results, a comparison of the results of numerical simulation, calculated dependencies and experimental data is presented. A comparison of the results demonstrated a completely satisfactory coincidence. Data obtained in the process of research and calculated ratios can be used in engineering practice and are of an interest from the point of view of further study of aerodynamics in a highly swirled flow of cyclone devices in order of to improving the methods of their thermal and aerodynamic calculations.В статье приводятся и анализируются результаты экспериментального исследования аэродинамики потока в рабочем объеме циклонных камер большой относительной длины, значительно превышающей длину камер в ранее выполненных исследованиях. Подвод воздуха в закручиватель камеры осуществляли тангенциально с диаметрально противоположных сторон двумя входными каналами. Вывод воздуха из рабочего объема камеры производили с противоположного торца камеры через круглое осесимметричное отверстие. Значения площади входных каналов и диаметра выходного отверстия варьировали сменными вкладышами и пережимами. Опыты выполнены методом лазерной доплеровской анемометрии. В результате установлены новые особенности формирования потока в рабочем объеме относительно длинных циклонных камер. Определены основные характерные величины потока рабочего объема. В частности, установлено определяющее влияние характеристик ядра потока на его структуру в относительно длинных циклонных камерах. Подобраны расчетные соотношения для определения этих величин в зависимости от геометрических характеристик исследуемой камеры. Определена граница пристенной области течения, в которой создаются благоприятные условия для проявления неустойчивости потока. Проведено численное моделирование течения в программном комплексе ANSYS Fluent. По его результатам представлено сравнение показателей численного моделирования, расчетных зависимостей и экспериментальных данных. Сопоставление результатов показало вполне удовлетворительное совпадение. Полученные в процессе исследований данные и расчетные соотношения могут быть использованы в инженерной практике и представляют интерес с точки зрения дальнейшего изучения аэродинамики в сильно закрученном потоке циклонных устройств для совершенствования методик их теплового и аэродинамического расчетов

КОНВЕКТИВНЫЙ ТЕПЛООБМЕН НА БОКОВОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ РАБОЧЕГО ОБЪЕМА ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНО ДЛИННОЙ ЦИКЛОННОЙ КАМЕРЫ

The high-turbulent swirling flows of heat carrier that are created by a cyclone chamber are used in industry. They make it possible to intensify processes of heat and mass exchange. The results of an experimental study of convective heat transfer on the lateral surface of the active volume of a relatively long cyclone chamber considerably exceeding the length of the chambers that were used in previously performed studies are presented and analyzed in the article. Air supply in the swirler of the chamber was performed tangentially from diametrically opposite sides of the two input channels. The gas outlet was implemented from the opposite end. The heat transfer by convection to the swirling air flow was studied by the method of changing the state of aggregation of a heating agent – condensation of slightly superheated steam. Collecting condensate from the working section was made through a water seal for maintaining a constant pressure calorimeter. The amount of heat transferred during experiment was determined by weight of the collected condensate. The specific features of influence of geometrical characteristics of cyclone chamber on intensity of heat exchange are considered. In the experiments we varied the relative diameter of the outlet port of the chamber dвых and the relative area of the input channels fвх. Segmental construction of the chamber made it possible to move a calorimeter on its length. The local heat transfer coefficient was determined for various values of the dimensionless longitudinal coordinate z coinciding with the axis of the chamber, and counted from the back end of the swirler. The estimated equations of heat transfer obtained during the research are presented and recommended for use in practice of engineering. The considered problem is of an interest from the point of view of further research of aerodynamics and of convective heat transfer in a highly swirling flow cyclone devices, in order to improve the methods of their thermal and aerodynamic calculations.В статье приводятся и анализируются результаты экспериментального исследования конвективного теплообмена на боковой поверхности рабочего объема относительно длинной циклонной камеры, значительно превышающей длину камер в ранее выполненных исследованиях. Подвод воздуха в закручиватель камеры осуществлялся тангенциально с диаметрально противоположных сторон двумя входными каналами. Вывод газа происходил с противоположного торца. Теплоотдачу конвекцией к закрученному потоку воздуха изучали по методу изменения агрегатного состояния греющего агента – конденсации слегка перегретого водяного пара. Сбор конденсата с рабочего участка производился через гидрозатвор, обеспечивающий поддержание постоянного давления в калориметре. Переданное за время опыта количество теплоты определяли по массе собранного конденсата. Рассмотрены особенности влияния геометрических характеристик камеры на интенсивность теплообмена. В опытах варьировались относительный диаметр выходного отверстия камеры dвых и относительная площадь входных каналов fвх Секционированная конструкция камеры позволяла перемещать калориметр по ее длине. Местный коэффициент теплоотдачи определяли при различных значениях безразмерной продольной координаты z¯, совпадающей с осью камеры и отсчитываемой от глухого торца закручивателя. Приведены полученные в процессе исследований расчетные уравнения теплоотдачи, которые рекомендуется использовать в инженерной практике. Рассматриваемая задача представляет интерес с точки зрения дальнейшего изучения аэродинамики и конвективного теплообмена в сильно закрученном потоке циклонных устройств, для совершенствования методик их теплового и аэродинамического расчетов

PHENOTYPIC AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROVESICLES PRODUCED BY NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Natural killer (NK) cells are of special interest among a multitude of microvesicle (MV) source cells. NK cells are a lymphocyte subpopulation performing contact cytolysis of virus-infected cells and tumor cells. Each of the NK cell populations has a unique receptor repertoire on its surface and, thus, unique functions. During their contact with a target cell, the most common mechanism of cytolysis is an exocytosis of lytic granules. However, some indirect evidence suggests that MV with CD56 phenotype and leukocyte-derived MV with various phenotypes are present in the peripheral blood plasma.This research is aimed to study the phenotype, composition and cytotoxic activity of microvesicles produced by NK cells. The analysis of receptor expression showed that MV, as well as source cells of the NK-92 cell line, had a similar CD56 molecule expression profile. The expression profile in MV differs from the same in source cells by higher CD119 and CD11b expression and by lower CD18 expression. Culturing of NK-92 cells in the presence of PMA, IL-1β, TNFα, IFNγ resulted in alterations of cell phenotypes and MV. Immunoblots revealed a change of perforin and granzyme B (GrB) in MV. The analysis of the cytotoxic activity of NK-92 cells in a natural killer in vitro assay employing K562 target cells demonstrated that MV obtained from TNFα-activated cells of the NK-92 cell line increased the cytotoxicity of the same TNFα-activated NK-92 cells regarding cytotoxicity levels. This coincides with the previously revealed increased content of GrB in MV obtained from TNFα-activated cells of the NK-92 cell line. To sum up depending on the cytokine NK-92 cells produce MV that differ in their phenotype, composition and activity. Any changes in MV composition can result in changes in their functional activity: in particular, changes can increase the cytotoxic activity of NK cells of the NK-92 cell line. Thus, besides a well-known and proved way for GrB delivery to a target cell, we can suggest an additional way – the transportation of GrB within MV

Aerodynamics and Stability of the Flow in Relatively Long Cyclone Chambers

The article presents and analyzes the results of an experimental study of the aerodynamics of the flow in the working volume of cyclone chambers of a large relative length, significantly exceeding the length of the chambers that were used in the previous studies. Air supply to the chamber swirler was carried out tangentially from diametrically opposite sides by two inlet channels. The air discharge from the working volume of the chamber was made from the opposite end of the chamber through a round axisymmetric hole. The values of the area of the inlet channels and the diameter of the outlet were varied with replaceable incrustations and clamps. The experiments were performed with the use of laser Doppler anemometry. As a result, previously unknown features of flow formation in the working volume of relatively long cyclone chambers have been determined. The main characteristic values of the working volume flow have determined as well. In particular, the determining influence of the flow core characteristics on its structure in relatively long cyclone chambers has been discovered. The calculated ratios have been chosen to determine these values depending on the geometrical characteristics of the chamber under study. The boundary of the near-wall flow region, in which favorable conditions for the flow instability are created, is determined. Numerical simulation of the flow in the ANSYS Fluent software has been performed. Based on its results, a comparison of the results of numerical simulation, calculated dependencies and experimental data is presented. A comparison of the results demonstrated a completely satisfactory coincidence. Data obtained in the process of research and calculated ratios can be used in engineering practice and are of an interest from the point of view of further study of aerodynamics in a highly swirled flow of cyclone devices in order of to improving the methods of their thermal and aerodynamic calculations

CONVECTIVE HEAT EXCHANGE ON THE LATERAL SURFACE OF A RELATIVELY LONG CYCLONE CHAMBER

The high-turbulent swirling flows of heat carrier that are created by a cyclone chamber are used in industry. They make it possible to intensify processes of heat and mass exchange. The results of an experimental study of convective heat transfer on the lateral surface of the active volume of a relatively long cyclone chamber considerably exceeding the length of the chambers that were used in previously performed studies are presented and analyzed in the article. Air supply in the swirler of the chamber was performed tangentially from diametrically opposite sides of the two input channels. The gas outlet was implemented from the opposite end. The heat transfer by convection to the swirling air flow was studied by the method of changing the state of aggregation of a heating agent – condensation of slightly superheated steam. Collecting condensate from the working section was made through a water seal for maintaining a constant pressure calorimeter. The amount of heat transferred during experiment was determined by weight of the collected condensate. The specific features of influence of geometrical characteristics of cyclone chamber on intensity of heat exchange are considered. In the experiments we varied the relative diameter of the outlet port of the chamber dвых and the relative area of the input channels fвх. Segmental construction of the chamber made it possible to move a calorimeter on its length. The local heat transfer coefficient was determined for various values of the dimensionless longitudinal coordinate z coinciding with the axis of the chamber, and counted from the back end of the swirler. The estimated equations of heat transfer obtained during the research are presented and recommended for use in practice of engineering. The considered problem is of an interest from the point of view of further research of aerodynamics and of convective heat transfer in a highly swirling flow cyclone devices, in order to improve the methods of their thermal and aerodynamic calculations