An aspirating cooling system for regulating temperature of pyrolytic oven glass

The aim of this study is to investigate the design parameter effects of an aspirating cooling system on the outer surface temperature of a household pyrolytic oven glass. Pyrolytic ovens include complicated components, such as an oven door, a cross-flow fan and an aspirating cooling system, and their complex interactions should be investigated in detail. In this study, the oven door and cross flow fan and aspirating cooling systems were modeled as a three dimensional system using a computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer method to investigate the fluid flow and temperature distribution of outer surface of the oven door. The simulation model predicted the temperature distribution based on the cross flow fan speed, cross flow fan position and channel design of the aspirating cooling system. The numerical results were validated against results obtained from an experimental study. The computational results show that the rotational speed of the cross flow fan, the cross flow fan position and the channel design of the aspirating cooling system play important roles in affecting the outer surface temperature distribution of the oven glass of a pyrolytic oven. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Multilocus species-delimitation in the Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Reptilia: Typhlopidae) species complex

Scolecophidia (worm snakes) are a vertebrate group with high ecomorphological conservatism due to their burrowing lifestyle. The Eurasian or Greek blindsnake Xerotyphlops vermicularis is their only European representative, a species-complex with an old diversification history. However, its systematics and taxonomy has remained untouched. Here, we extend previous work that relied heavily on mitochondrial markers, following a multi-locus approach and applying several species-delimitation methods, including a Bayesian coalescence-based approach (STACEY). Four "species" delimitation analyses based on the mtDNA (ABGD, bGMYC, mPTP, parsimony networks) returned 14, 11, 9 and 10 clusters, respectively. By mitotyping twice as many specimens as before, we have a complete picture of each cluster's distribution. With the exception of the highly-divergent Levantine lineage, the three independent nuclear markers did not help with phylogenetic resolution, as demonstrated in haplotype networks, concatenated and species-trees, a result of incomplete lineage sorting. The prevailing model from the coalescence-based species-delimitation identified two species: the lineage from the Levant and all others. We formally recognize them as distinct species and resurrect Xerotyphlops syriacus (Jan, 1864) to include the Levantine blindsnakes. Finally, X. vermicularis and X. syriacus may represent species-complexes themselves, since they include high levels of cryptic diversity