8 research outputs found
ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The nature of the molten electrode metal melting and transfer is the main process parameter of manual metal arc welding (MMA) with coated electrodes. It significantly affects the efficiency of the welding process. For this reason the relevant task is to identify the parameters of the transferred molten electrode metal drops and their further transfer into the weld pool with maximum accuracy. The aim of the given paper is to develop a method and visual representation of the form and the geometrics (volume, area, mass) of a molten electrode metal drop.We have developed the method of simulation modeling and visualization for molten electrode metal drops transfer and their parameters. It allows obtaining highly reliable input data to be used for developing and verification of mathematical models for the thermal fields distribution along the welded item surface. The algorithm is realized as the calculation programs for specifying the molten metal drop parameters and means of its geometrics and space form visualization.We used this method to specify a number of molten electrode metal drop parameters: volume, mass, center-of-gravity position, surface area.We have established that it is possible to conduct the measurements with maximumThe suggested method significantly decreases the labor intensity of experimental studies aimed at specifying the size of electrode metal drops in comparison to the standard methods. When we know the size of the drops under certain welding conditions we can control the drop transfer process, i. e. reduce the heat input into the welded item and produce weld joints with the tailored performance characteristics.ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°) ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°: ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ°, Ρ. Π΅. ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ- ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°
Modeling of velocities and temperatures processes distribution in the plasma-forming channel determining the design features and optimal parameters of the plasma torch nozzle is one of promising directions in development of plasma technologies. The aim of this work was to simulate the processes of velocities and temperature distribution in the plasma-forming channel and to determine the design features and optimal geometric parameters of the plasmatron nozzle Β which Β ensures Β the Β formation Β of Β necessary Β direction Β of Β plasma Β flows for generation of surface waves on the surface of a liquid metal droplet under the influence of the investigated instabilities.One of the main tasks is to consider the process of plasma jet formation and the flow of electric arc plasma. For obtaining small-sized particles one of the main parameters is the plasma flow Β velocity. Β It Β is necessary that the plasma outflow velocity be close to supersonic. An increase of Β the Β supersonic Β speed Β is possible due to design of the plasmatron nozzle especially the design feature and dimensions of the gas channel in which the plasma is formed. Also the modeling took into account dimensions of the plasma torch nozzle, i. e. the device should provide a supersonic plasma flow with the smallest possible geometric dimensions.As a result models of velocities and temperatures distribution in the plasma-forming channel at the minimum and maximum diameters of the channel were obtained. The design features and optimal geometric parameters of the plasmatron have been determined: the inlet diameter is 3 mm, the outlet diameter is 2 mm.The design of the executive equipment has been developed and designed which implements the investigated process of generating droplets of the micro- and nanoscale range. A plasmatron nozzle was manufactured which forms the necessary directions of plasma flows for the formation of surface waves on the metal droplet surface under the influence of instabilities. An algorithm has been developed for controlling of executive equipment that implements the process of generating drops of micro- and nanoscale range.ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. Π£Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, Ρ. Π΅. ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
.Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°: Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ 3 ΠΌΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ 2 ΠΌΠΌ.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ- ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ- ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°
ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The nature of the molten electrode metal melting and transfer is the main process parameter of manual metal arc welding (MMA) with coated electrodes. It significantly affects the efficiency of the welding process. For this reason the relevant task is to identify the parameters of the transferred molten electrode metal drops and their further transfer into the weld pool with maximum accuracy. The aim of the given paper is to develop a method and visual representation of the form and the geometrics (volume, area, mass) of a molten electrode metal drop. We have developed the method of simulation modeling and visualization for molten electrode metal drops transfer and their parameters. It allows obtaining highly reliable input data to be used for developing and verification of mathematical models for the thermal fields distribution along the welded item surface. The algorithm is realized as the calculation programs for specifying the molten metal drop parameters and means of its geometrics and space form visualization. We used this method to specify a number of molten electrode metal drop parameters: volume, mass, center-of-gravity position, surface area. We have established that it is possible to conduct the measurements with maximum The suggested method significantly decreases the labor intensity of experimental studies aimed at specifying the size of electrode metal drops in comparison to the standard methods. When we know the size of the drops under certain welding conditions we can control the drop transfer process, i. e. reduce the heat input into the welded item and produce weld joints with the tailored performance characteristics
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ
The development of novel methods, scientific devices and means for measuring magnetic fields generated by ultra-low current is among promising directions in the development of medical equipment and instruments for geodetic surveys and space exploration. The present work is to develop a small sensor capable of detecting weak magnetic fields, which sources are biocurrents, radiation of far space objects and slight fluctuations of the geomagnetic field. Scientists estimate the strength of such magnetic fields as deciles of nanotesla. The key requirements for the sensors of ultra-low magnetic field are: resolution, noise level in the measurement channel, temperature stability, linearity and repeatability of the characteristics from one produced item to another. The aforementioned characteristics can be achieved by using planar technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in such advanced sensors. The work describes a complete R&D cycle, from creating the computer model of the sensor under study to manufacturing of a working prototype. To assess the effect of the geometry and material properties, the JilesβAtherton model is implemented which, unlike the majority of the models used, allows considering the non-linearity of the core, its hysteresis properties and influence of residual magnetization. The dimensions of the developed sensor are 40Γ20Γ5 mm, while the technology allows its further diminishment. The sensor has demonstrated the linearity of its properties in the range of magnetic field strength from 0.1 nT to 50 ΞΌT for a rms current of excitation of 1.25 mA at a frequency of 30 kHz. The average sensitivity for the second harmonic is 54 ΞΌV/nT
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ- ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°
Modeling of velocities and temperatures processes distribution in the plasma-forming channel determining the design features and optimal parameters of the plasma torch nozzle is one of promising directions in development of plasma technologies. The aim of this work was to simulate the processes of velocities and temperature distribution in the plasma-forming channel and to determine the design features and optimal geometric parameters of the plasmatron nozzle which ensures the formation of necessary direction of plasma flows for generation of surface waves on the surface of a liquid metal droplet under the influence of the investigated instabilities. One of the main tasks is to consider the process of plasma jet formation and the flow of electric arc plasma. For obtaining small-sized particles one of the main parameters is the plasma flow velocity. It is necessary that the plasma outflow velocity be close to supersonic. An increase of the supersonic speed is possible due to design of the plasmatron nozzle especially the design feature and dimensions of the gas channel in which the plasma is formed. Also the modeling took into account dimensions of the plasma torch nozzle, i. e. the device should provide a supersonic plasma flow with the smallest possible geometric dimensions. As a result models of velocities and temperatures distribution in the plasma-forming channel at the minimum and maximum diameters of the channel were obtained. The design features and optimal geometric parameters of the plasmatron have been determined: the inlet diameter is 3 mm, the outlet diameter is 2 mm. The design of the executive equipment has been developed and designed which implements the investigated process of generating droplets of the micro- and nanoscale range. A plasmatron nozzle was manufactured which forms the necessary directions of plasma flows for the formation of surface waves on the metal droplet surface under the influence of instabilities. An algorithm has been developed for controlling of executive equipment that implements the process of generating drops of micro- and nanoscale range
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ
The development of novel methods, scientific devices and means for measuring magnetic fields generated by ultra-low current is among promising directions in the development of medical equipment and instruments for geodetic surveys and space exploration. The present work is to develop a small sensor capable of detecting weak magnetic fields, which sources are biocurrents, radiation of far space objects and slight fluctuations of the geomagnetic field. Scientists estimate the strength of such magnetic fields as deciles of nanotesla.Β The key requirements for the sensors of ultra-low magnetic field are: resolution, noise level in the measurement channel, temperature stability, linearity and repeatability of the characteristics from one produced item to another. The aforementioned characteristics can be achieved by using planar technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in such advanced sensors.The work describes a complete R&D cycle, from creating the computer model of the sensor under study to manufacturing of a working prototype. To assess the effect of the geometry and material properties, the JilesβAtherton model is implemented which, unlike the majority of the models used, allows considering the non-linearity of the core, its hysteresis properties and influence of residual magnetization.The dimensions of the developed sensor are 40Γ20Γ5 mm, while the technology allows its further diminishment. The sensor has demonstrated the linearity of its properties in the range of magnetic field strength from 0.1 nT to 50 Β΅T for a rms current of excitation of 1.25 mA at a frequency of 30 kHz. The average sensitivity for the second harmonic is 54 Β΅V/nT.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π°.Β Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ°βΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.ΠΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ 40Γ20Γ5 ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡ 0,1 Π½Π’Π» Π΄ΠΎ 50 ΠΌΠΊΠ’Π» ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 1,25 ΠΌΠ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ 30 ΠΊΠΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 54 ΠΌΠΊΠ/Π½Π’Π»