Phenotypic and functional changes of NK cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia treated with hypomethylating drugs

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a pivotal role in maintaining immunological surveillance and in developing an innate immune response. Since the discovery of NK cells in 1973, the mechanisms of their functioning have been studied in details, and there is currently no doubt that they play a special role in the process of recognition and destruction of transformed and malignant cells. Understanding the role of NK cells in antitumor immunity, on the one hand, leads to emergence of new immunotherapeutic strategies and, on the other hand, allows to adjust the existing treatment regimens for tumor diseases, in accordance with the principle of primum non nocere. Optimization of cancer therapy protocols executed in order to protect immune cells from death and functional impairment is an important problem that cannot be successfully resolved without regular aggregation of the results from disparate studies and critical analysis of the all accumulated data.The objective of this review is to create a relevant and holistic picture of changes in the phenotypic and functional characteristics of NK cells in patients with two related hematological diseases – myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For the treatment of both illnesses, drugs from the group of hypomethylating agents are used, the acting mechanism of which, unlike classical cytostatic agents, is based on modulation of the tumor cell genes expression. All the cells of the body are being affected, including NK cells, since these drugs act nonspecifically. Such an interaction leads to a hypomethylation of NK cell DNA and changes the expression of functional receptors, which, in turn, provide the development of antitumor NK cell immune response.Of course, just the fact of changing gene expression in certain cells does not allow us to fully judge the drug’s impact on the state of immune system. Meanwhile, the origin of this change and its role are important in the context of the disease pathogenesis. Ultimately, a simple description of an increase or decrease in a single receptor expression is not illustrative, since it can lead to uncertain consequences. For this reason, the current review, in addition to describing the existing data on the changes of NK cell receptors expression under the influence of hypomethylating drugs, gives a special attention to critical analysis of functional characteristics of NK cells, including their cytotoxic activity aimed at malignant blast cells, being a determinant of clinical course in the described diseases

Study of Colloidal Stability and Rheological Properties of Invert Emulsion with Vegetable Oil as the Base for Drilling Fluid

Работа посвящена проведению комплексных исследований коллоидной устойчивости и реологических свойств обратных эмульсий на основе технического рапсового масла и разработке на их основе рекомендаций использования данных экологически чистых компонентов в качестве основы для создания буровых растворов. Исследование свойств эмульсий производилось в зависимости от концентрации масла (от 50 до 90 об.%), концентрации эмульгатора (от 1 до 3 об.%) и температуры (от 20 до 80 оС). Были получены устойчивые инвертные эмульсии, которые сохраняют свои свойства с ростом температуры, что говорит о возможности их практического применения в качестве компонентов для создания экологически более безопасных буровых растворовThe paper is devoted to comprehensive studies of the colloidal stability and rheological properties of inverse emulsions based on technical rapeseed oil and developing on their base recommendations for using these environmentally friendly components as the base for synthesis drilling fluids. The study of the properties of emulsions was carried out depending on the concentration of oil (from 50 to 90 vol.%), the concentration of the emulsifier (from 1 to 3 vol.%) and temperature (from 20 to 80 °C). Stable invert emulsions were obtained, which retain their properties with increasing temperature, which indicates the possibility of their practical application as components for synthesis environmentally safer drilling fluid

Experimental Investigation of Magnetic Particle Transport in a Circular Minichannel in a Constant Magnetic Field

Experimental investigation of the deposition of nanoparticles in a circular channel in a constant magnetic field has been carried out. The dynamics of growth of nanoparticles deposits on the channel walls depending on the Reynolds number and magnetic field strength has been studied in the experiments. The influence of magnetic field on pressure drop at different Reynolds numbers has been investigated. Characteristic profiles of the zones of nanoparticles depositions have been obtained for the first time; the sizes of the deposition areas and the rates of their formation depending on the Reynolds numbers, magnetic field strength and time have been determined

On laminar-turbulent transition in nanofluid flows

Текст статьи не публикуется в открытом доступе в соответствии с политикой журнала.The paper presents experimental data on the laminar-turbulent transition in the nanofluid flow in the pipe. The transition in the flows of such fluids is shown to have lower Reynolds numbers than in the base fluid. The degree of the flow destabilization increases with an increase in concentration of nanoparticles and a decrease in their size. On the other hand, in the turbulent flow regime, the presence of particles in the flow leads to the suppression of smallscale turbulent fluctuations. The correlation of the measured viscosity coefficient of considered nanofluids is presented

On laminar-turbulent transition in nanofluid flows

Текст статьи не публикуется в открытом доступе в соответствии с политикой журнала.The paper presents experimental data on the laminar-turbulent transition in the nanofluid flow in the pipe. The transition in the flows of such fluids is shown to have lower Reynolds numbers than in the base fluid. The degree of the flow destabilization increases with an increase in concentration of nanoparticles and a decrease in their size. On the other hand, in the turbulent flow regime, the presence of particles in the flow leads to the suppression of smallscale turbulent fluctuations. The correlation of the measured viscosity coefficient of considered nanofluids is presented

Numerical research of heat transfer processes at the drilling wells in permafrost rocks

Systematic numerical studies of processes that affect the rate of thawing during drilling of oil and gas wells in permafrost have been carried out. The influence of flow rate, temperature, drilling fluid rheology and drilling duration on the rate of permafrost thawing is studied. To reduce the rate of thawing, the use of polymer drilling fluids with additives of ethylene glycol is proposed