Влияние поведенческого фактора водителя на образование транспортного затора

Driving in a traffic flow implies involvement in difficult traffic situations that adversely affects response time of a driver, which in turn is considered when estimating stopping distance of a vehicle and determines road safety. This relationship shows the effect of driver behaviour in traffic flow on the road traffic situation. The objective of the study was to study behavioural factors that influence driver’s decisions. The study used methods of driver behaviour modelling, mathematical modelling, experimental studies of the mental and psychological functions of drivers. Modelling the driver’s behaviour, considering various combinations of many behavioural and other factors, leads to a large number of options for mathematical description of driver behaviour, which makes it difficult to use this approach to describe behaviour of drivers under the conditions of a real street-road network. The research has analysed several works devoted to the study of control action of drivers, using unknown coefficients, describing a model of movement of vehicles considering accuracy of their control. Driving through an unregulated intersection is considered as the most complex and informative version of driver’s behaviour. It is found that when modelling a traffic flow, it is necessary to take into account the degree of resoluteness of drivers (through determination of a coefficient of resoluteness which is a random variable that takes into account the probability distribution of the coefficient’s value in conjunction with the probability distribution of the function of traffic flow intensity). The distribution of the coefficient of resoluteness of drivers, obtained from experimental data, was subject to analysis. It is determined that the driving style affects formation of traffic congestion. The assessment of the driving style is made through conditional classification of driver behaviour on the road, namely marked by manifestation of aggression and timidity. When studying the behaviour of timid and aggressive drivers, several pairs of trajectories and the dynamics of the corresponding traffic flow density, were considered and calculated based on Edie’s model. It has been confirmed that traffic congestion has the greatest negative effect on choleric drivers and sanguine drivers. Besides, there is a relationship between the response time of a driver and the change in his functional condition. It is concluded that to improve road safety thanks to a more accurate assessment of possible risks of formation of congestion situations, it is necessary to consider behavioural characteristics and temperaments of the drivers.Движение вавтомобильном потоке подразумевает вовлечение в сложные дорожные ситуации, отрицательно влияющие на время реакции водителя, которая в свою очередь учитывается при определении тормозного пути транспортного средства и определяет безопасность дорожного движения. Эта взаимосвязь показывает влияние поведения водителей в транспортном потоке на дорожнотранспортную ситуацию. Целью исследования было изучение поведенческих факторов, влияющих на принятие водителями решений. В ходе исследования использованы методы моделирования поведения водителей, математического моделирования, экспериментальные исследования психических и психологических функций водителей. Моделирование поведения водителя с учётом различного сочетания множества поведенческих и иных факторов приводит к большому количеству вариантов математического описания такого поведения, что затрудняет применение данного подхода при описании поведения водителей в условиях реальной улично-дорожной сети. Проанализированы работы, посвящённые изучению управляющего воздействия водителя с использованием неизвестных коэффициентов, описывающих модель движения транспортных средств с учётом точности управления им. Рассмотрен наиболее сложный и показательный вариант поведения водителя при проезде нерегулируемого пересечения. Установлено, что при моделировании транспортного потока необходимо учитывать степень решительности водителей (через определение коэффициента решительности– случайную величину с учётом распределения вероятности его значения в совокупности с распределением вероятностей функции интенсивности транспортного потока). Проанализировано распределение коэффициента решительности водителей, полученное по экспериментальным данным. Определено, что на формирование транспортного затора оказывает влияние стиль вождения, для оценки которого используют условную классификацию поведения водителей на дороге, аименно проявление агрессии и робости. При изучении поведения робких и агрессивных водителей рассмотрено несколько пар траекторий движения и динамика соответствующей плотности транспортного потока, которые рассчитаны на основе модели Edie’s. Подтверждено, что наибольшее отрицательное влияние транспортные заторы оказывают на водителей-холериков ина водителей-сангвиников. Кроме того, прослеживается взаимосвязь между временем реакции водителя и изменением его функционального состояния. Сделан вывод, что в целях повышения безопасности дорожного движения за счёт более точной оценки возможных рисков возникновения заторовых ситуаций необходимо учитывать поведенческие характеристики водителей и их темпераменты

Correction of pathological conditions of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract with seawater medicines

ENT specialists are increasingly concerned about high incidence of the mucous membrane disorders in the upper respiratory tract. To paraphrase a well-known expression, it can be argued that there are no patients with completely healthy noses and sips, but there are patients who have not yet got tired of constant tickling in the throat, mucus discharge, nasal congestion and other symptoms

Therapeutic and prevention potential of seawater medicines

The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is the opening part of the respiratory tract which has a number of functions among which protection is the most important. Once in the nasal cavity, the inhaled air is mechanically cleaned of dust pollutants, humidified and warmed. About 10 thousand litres of air pass through the nose during a day. The nasal mucosa also hinders penetration of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses) into the lungs

Pharyngomycosis. Diagnostics, prevention and treatment

The prevalence of pharyngomycosis was analysed on the basis of research data and own observation of 2,987 patients seeking assistance in the consulting unit of the Centre over the period from 2008 till 2011. The study concluded that the proportion of fungal infections of ENT organs in the total variety of chronic inflammatory disease increased to 29% for fungal infections of the throat in pharyngitis, and to 17.2% in chronic tonsillitis. The pathogens of fungal infections of the throat were defined and analyzed. The study found that the involvement of Candida non albicans strains in the development of chronic inflammation has increased. The proportion of cases of aspergillus infection of the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx, and tonsils was identified. Sophisticated diagnosis and treatment schemes were suggested

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the throat

Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract are very widespread. There is a brief description and guidelines for the treatment of various forms of laryngitis. Inhalation antibiotic therapy is an effective method of local anti-inflammatory therapy in the comprehensive treatment of inflammatory diseases of the larynx

Reaction of quinaldine with 4,6-di(tert-butyl)-3-nitro-1,2-benzoquinone. Dependence of the outcome on the reaction conditions and a deeper insight into the mechanism

Condensation of quinaldine with 4,6-di (tert-butyl)-3-nitro-1,2-benzoquinone results in the formation of 5,7-di (tert-butyl)-2-(quinoline-2-yl)-1,3-tropolone, 5,7-di (tert-butyl)-4-nitro-2-(quinoline-2-yl)-1,3-tropolone, 3,3-dimethyl-2-(5-hydroxy-4-nitro-3-tert-butyl-6-quinoline-2-yl-pyridine-2-yl)butanoic acid, 6-(2,2-dimethylprop-3-yl)-5-tert-butyl-4-nitro-2-(quinoline-2-yl)-pyridine-3-ol, 1,7-di (tert-butyl)-3-(quinoline-2-yl)-2-azabicyclo-[3.3.0]octa-2,7-diene-4,6-dione-N-oxide. The formation of 1,3-tropolone and pyridine-2-yl butanoic acid derivatives proceeds through a ring expansion and 2-azabicyclo [3.3.0]octa-2,7-diene-4,6-dione-N-oxide via the contraction of the o-quinone ring. The structure of the heterocyclic compounds obtained was justified by X-ray diffraction analysis, NMR spectroscopy, IR- and HRMS-spectrometry, and the proposed mechanisms of their formation include the participation of an intermediate product of the expansion reaction of the o-quinone cycle - 5,7-di (tert-butyl)-4-nitro-2-(quinoline-2-yl)-cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene-1,3-diol, which was first isolated preparatively. The DFT/B3LYP/6–311++G** methods were used to determine the thermodynamic stability of tautomeric forms of intermediate products, as well as the relative stability of NH and OH tautomers of 5,7-di (tert-butyl)-2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3-tropolone and 5,7-di (tert-butyl)-4-nitro-2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3-tropolone