22 research outputs found

    Central effects of atropine upon aversive classical conditioning in rabbits

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    Rabbits were given classical discrimination conditioning with one of two tones followed by shock. In Experiment I, 40 rabbits were trained under saline, 10, 18 or 26 mg/kg atropine sulfate or 18 mg/kg methylatropine. Six rabbits in Experiment 2 were conditioned, then given further sessions with saline, and 18, 26 and 34 mg/kg atropine sulfate and methylatropine. In Experiment 3, 18 rabbits were conditioned and then given two extinction sessions under saline or 34 mg/kg atropine sulfate or methylatropine followed by extinction under saline. Chief findings were (a) atropine sulfate but not methylatropine disrupted acquisition and maintenance of conditioned eyeblinks, (b) neither drug affected unconditioned blinks, (c) fewer blinks occurred in extinction under atropine sulfate than under methylatropine or saline, (d) rabbits extinguished under atropine sulphate showed higher percentages of eyeblinks when tested without drug. Disruptions in performance of learned eyeblink responses appeared to be due to drug interference with central cholinergic transmission.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46381/1/213_2004_Article_BF00406735.pd

    Screening for type 2 diabetes is feasible, acceptable, but associated with increased short-term anxiety: A randomised controlled trial in British general practice

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To assess the feasibility and uptake of a diabetes screening programme; to examine the effects of invitation to diabetes screening on anxiety, self-rated health and illness perceptions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Randomised controlled trial in two general practices in Cambridgeshire. Individuals aged 40–69 without known diabetes were identified as being at high risk of having undiagnosed type 2 diabetes using patient records and a validated risk score (n = 1,280). 355 individuals were randomised in a 2 to 1 ratio into non-invited (n = 238) and invited (n = 116) groups. A stepwise screening programme confirmed the presence or absence of diabetes. Six weeks after the last contact (either test or invitation), a questionnaire was sent to all participants, including non-attenders and those who were not originally invited. Outcome measures included attendance, anxiety (short-form Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory-STAI), self-rated health and diabetes illness perceptions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>95 people (82% of those invited) attended for the initial capillary blood test. Six individuals were diagnosed with diabetes. Invited participants were more anxious than those not invited (37.6 vs. 34.1 STAI, p-value = 0.015), and those diagnosed with diabetes were considerably more anxious than those classified free of diabetes (46.7 vs. 37.0 STAI, p-value = 0.031). Non-attenders had a higher mean treatment control sub-scale (3.87 vs. 3.56, p-value = 0.016) and a lower mean emotional representation sub-scale (1.81 vs. 2.68, p-value = 0.001) than attenders. No differences in the other five illness perception sub-scales or self-rated health were found.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Screening for type 2 diabetes in primary care is feasible but may be associated with higher levels of short-term anxiety among invited compared with non-invited participants.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>ISRCTN99175498</p
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