Stability change of Fourth-Order Resonance with application to Multi-Turn Extraction Schemes

Recently, a novel multi-turn extraction scheme was proposed, based on particle trapping inside stable resonances. Numerical simulations and experimental tests conirmed the feasibility of such a scheme for low order resonances. While the 3rd order resonance is generically unstable and those higher than 4th order are generically stable, the 4th order resonance can be either stable or unstable depending on the details of the system under consideration. By means of the normal form approach a general formula to control the stability of the 4th order resonance is derived. Numerical simulations confirm the analytical results and show that by crossing the unstable 4th order resonance the region around the centre of phase space is depleted and particles are trapped only in the four stable islands. This indicates that a four-turn extraction could be envisaged based on this technique

Optimizing Dynamic Aperture Studies with Active Learning

Dynamic aperture is an important concept for the study of non-linear beam dynamics in circular accelerators. It describes the extent of the phase-space region where a particle's motion remains bounded over a given number of turns. Understanding the features of dynamic aperture is crucial for the design and operation of such accelerators, as it provides insights into nonlinear effects and the possibility of optimising beam lifetime. The standard approach to calculate the dynamic aperture requires numerical simulations of several initial conditions densely distributed in phase space for a sufficient number of turns to probe the time scale corresponding to machine operations. This process is very computationally intensive and practically outside the range of today's computers. In our study, we introduced a novel method to estimate dynamic aperture rapidly and accurately by utilising a Deep Neural Network model. This model was trained with simulated tracking data from the CERN Large Hadron Collider and takes into account variations in accelerator parameters such as betatron tune, chromaticity, and the strength of the Landau octupoles. To enhance its performance, we integrate the model into an innovative Active Learning framework. This framework not only enables retraining and updating of the computed model, but also facilitates efficient data generation through smart sampling. Since chaotic motion cannot be predicted, traditional tracking simulations are incorporated into the Active Learning framework to deal with the chaotic nature of some initial conditions. The results demonstrate that the use of the Active Learning framework allows faster scanning of the configuration parameters without compromising the accuracy of the dynamic aperture estimates

Detecting chaos in particle accelerators through the frequency map analysis method

The motion of beams in particle accelerators is dominated by a plethora of non-linear effects which can enhance chaotic motion and limit their performance. The application of advanced non-linear dynamics methods for detecting and correcting these effects and thereby increasing the region of beam stability plays an essential role during the accelerator design phase but also their operation. After describing the nature of non-linear effects and their impact on performance parameters of different particle accelerator categories, the theory of non-linear particle motion is outlined. The recent developments on the methods employed for the analysis of chaotic beam motion are detailed. In particular, the ability of the frequency map analysis method to detect chaotic motion and guide the correction of non-linear effects is demonstrated in particle tracking simulations but also experimental data.Comment: Submitted for publication in Chaos, Focus Issue: Chaos Detection Methods and Predictabilit

Status of the search for a muon EDM using the frozen-spin technique

Despite the many successes of the Standard Model of particle physics, there are still several physical observations that it cannot explain, such as the matter-antimatter asymmetry, non-zero neutrino masses, and the microscopic nature of dark matter. To address these limitations, extensions to the standard model are necessary, and searches for electric dipole moments (EDMs) of leptons are valuable test. The search for a muon EDM is the only search on a bare lepton of the second generation, complementing the searches for an EDM of the electron using polar molecules. A non-zero EDM of the muon would indicate Charge-Parity symmetry violation beyond the standard model. A dedicated experimental search for the muon EDM is being set up at PSI using the frozen-spin technique. In this technique, the anomalous spin precession of the muons in a storage ring is suppressed by applying an electric field in the radial direction. The muon EDM experiment will take place in two phases: the first phase will demonstrate the frozen-spin technique using a precursor experiment with 28 MeV/c muons, while the second phase will make use of 125 MeV/c muons, which could search for the muon EDM with a sensitivity of 6 × 10-23 e·cm. In this talk, we describe the precursor experiment at PSI and provide an update on the status of the experiment

Commissioning and First Operation of the Antiproton Decelerator (AD)

The Antiproton Decelerator (AD) is a simplified source of antiprotons which provides low energy antiprotons for experiments, replacing four machines: AC (Antiproton Collector), AA (Antiproton Accumulator), PS and LEAR (Low Energy Antiproton Ring), shutdown in 1996. The former AC was modified to include deceleration and electron cooling. The AD started operation in July 2000 and has since delivered cooled beam at 100 MeV/c (kinetic energy of 5.3 MeV) to 3 experiments (ASACUSA, ATHENA and ATRAP) for 1500 h. The flux (up to 2.5´105pbars /s delivered in short pulses of 330 ns every 110 s) and the quality of the ejected beam are not far from the design specifications. A linear RF Quadrupole Decelerator (RFQD) was commissioned in November 2000 to post-decelerate the beam for ASACUSA from 5.3 MeV to about 15 keV. Problems encountered in converting the fixed energy AC into a decelerating machine will be outlined, and the present status of the AD, including the performance of the cooling systems and the special diagnostics to cope with beams of less than 107 pbars, will be reviewed. Possible future developments will be sketche

Space-Charge Experiments at the CERN Proton Synchrotron

Abstract. Benchmarking of the simulation codes used for the design of the next generation of high beam power accelerators is of paramount importance due to the very demanding requirements on the level of beam losses. This is usually accomplished by comparing simulation results against available theories, and more importantly, against experimental observations. To this aim, a number of well-defined test cases, obtained by accurate measurements made in existing machines, are of great interest. Such measurements have been made in the CERN Proton Synchrotron to probe three space-charge effects: (i) transverse emittance blow-up due to space-charge induced crossing of the integer or halfinteger stop-band, (ii) space-charge and octupole driven resonance trapping, and (iii) intensity-dependent emittance transfer between the two transverse planes. The last mechanism is discussed in detail in this paper and compared to simulation predictions