Female residents experiencing medical errors in general internal medicine: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Doctors, especially doctors-in-training such as residents, make errors. They have to face the consequences even though today's approach to errors emphasizes systemic factors. Doctors' individual characteristics play a role in how medical errors are experienced and dealt with. The role of gender has previously been examined in a few quantitative studies that have yielded conflicting results. In the present study, we sought to qualitatively explore the experience of female residents with respect to medical errors. In particular, we explored the coping mechanisms displayed after an error. This study took place in the internal medicine department of a Swiss university hospital. METHODS: Within a phenomenological framework, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight female residents in general internal medicine. All interviews were audiotaped, fully transcribed, and thereafter analyzed. RESULTS: Seven main themes emerged from the interviews: (1) A perception that there is an insufficient culture of safety and error; (2) The perceived main causes of errors, which included fatigue, work overload, inadequate level of competences in relation to assigned tasks, and dysfunctional communication; (3) Negative feelings in response to errors, which included different forms of psychological distress; (4) Variable attitudes of the hierarchy toward residents involved in an error; (5) Talking about the error, as the core coping mechanism; (6) Defensive and constructive attitudes toward one's own errors; and (7) Gender-specific experiences in relation to errors. Such experiences consisted in (a) perceptions that male residents were more confident and therefore less affected by errors than their female counterparts and (b) perceptions that sexist attitudes among male supervisors can occur and worsen an already painful experience. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers an in-depth account of how female residents specifically experience and cope with medical errors. Our interviews with female residents convey the sense that gender possibly influences the experience with errors, including the kind of coping mechanisms displayed. However, we acknowledge that the lack of a direct comparison between female and male participants represents a limitation while aiming to explore the role of gender

Physical and psychological health of medical students involved in the coronavirus disease 2019 response in Switzerland.

Students involved in the COVID-19 response reported a similar proportion of COVID-19 symptoms or confirmed diagnoses, but lower levels of anxiety, depression and burnout compared with their non-involved peers

Training primary care physicians to offer their patients faecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening on an equal basis: a pilot intervention with before-after and parallel group surveys.

Primary care physicians (PCPs) should prescribe faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) or colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening based on their patient's values and preferences. However, there are wide variations between PCPs in the screening method prescribed. The objective was to assess the impact of an educational intervention on PCPs' intent to offer FIT or colonoscopy on an equal basis. Survey before and after training seminars, with a parallel comparison through a mailed survey to PCPs not attending the training seminars. All PCPs in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Of 592 eligible PCPs, 133 (22%) attended a seminar and 106 (80%) filled both surveys. 109 (24%) PCPs who did not attend the seminars returned the mailed survey. A 2 h-long interactive seminar targeting PCP knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding offering a choice of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening options. The primary outcome was PCP intention of having their patients screened with FIT and colonoscopy in equal proportions (between 40% and 60% each). Secondary outcomes were the perceived role of PCPs in screening decisions (from paternalistic to informed decision-making) and correct answer to a clinical vignette. Before the seminars, 8% of PCPs reported that they had equal proportions of their patients screened for CRC by FIT and colonoscopy; after the seminar, 33% foresaw having their patients screened in equal proportions (p<0.001). Among those not attending, there was no change (13% vs 14%, p=0.8). Of those attending, there was no change in their perceived role in screening decisions, while the proportion responding correctly to a clinical vignette increased (88-99%, p<0.001). An interactive training seminar increased the proportion of physicians with the intention to prescribe FIT and colonoscopy in equal proportions

Entrustable professional activities for residency in general internal medicine: a systematic review.

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are observable tasks that are regular parts of a physician's daily clinical work. Before being permitted to accomplish these tasks independently, trainees must gain their supervisors' trust. Defining the list of EPAs that should be mastered by the end of a residency is critical to setting clear expectations about autonomous practice. To collect all the lists of EPAs defined for residencies in general internal medicine and synthesise them into a reference work useful for developing new lists of EPAs or improving existing ones. This systematic review searched five databases and relevant grey literature using keywords related to EPAs and postgraduate education, from 2005, when the first article on EPAs was published, to April 2022. Inclusion criteria were the availability of an EPAs list and a focus on general internal medicine. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted data and performed a quality assessment using QATSDD and AACODS tools. Mean values and inter-rater reliability were calculated. The review yielded 3292 records, with 16 articles meeting the inclusion criteria, mostly from North America. Synthesising their 16 lists generated 395 EPAs. The reviewers then inductively categoried those EPAs, 308 of which fell into 6 domains, 14 themes and 24 subthemes. The domains were: (1) care and management of the general adult population (n = 103 EPAs); (2) care and management of patients with specific needs (n = 67); (3) care coordination and communication (n = 52); (4) management and leadership (N = 21); (5) healthcare quality, education, and research (n = 41); and (6) miscellaneous (n = 24). The remaining 87 EPAs were disease-specific and did not fit into this categorisation. Categorising EPAs created a unique synthesis of the existing lists of EPAs for educating residents in general internal medicine. This synthesis could be used as a reference for anyone tasked with developing new lists of EPAs or improving existing ones

Training primary care physicians in shared decision making for colorectal cancer screening : insights from a statewide organized Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Switzerland

An organized screening program in Vaud, Switzerland aims to offer the choice of fecal-immunological testing (FIT) and colonoscopy for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening -At baseline, wide variations between primary care physicians (PCPs) in prescription of FIT and colonoscopy. -Shared decision making (SDM) might reduce variations in care. AIM : Increase the proportion of PCPs who intend to offer their patients FIT and colonoscopy on an equal basis Methods : Training program in 2015 with before and after survey ; Parallel comparison through mailed survey to PCPs not attending ; Training program: 2 hour seminar with interactive quizzes, 8-minute video of SDM consultation, and distribution a decision aid and evidence synopsis

Case Report: Stepwise Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Effects Following Convalescent Plasma Therapy With Full Clinical Recovery.

In these times of COVID-19 pandemic, concern has been raised about the potential effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on immunocompromised patients, particularly on those receiving B-cell depleting agents and having therefore a severely depressed humoral response. Convalescent plasma can be a therapeutic option for these patients. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of convalescent plasma is crucial to optimize such therapeutic approach. Here, we describe a COVID-19 patient who was deeply immunosuppressed following rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) and concomitant chemotherapy for chronic lymphoid leukemia. His long-term severe T and B cell lymphopenia allowed to evaluate the treatment effects of convalescent plasma. Therapeutic outcome was monitored at the clinical, biological and radiological level. Moreover, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers (IgM, IgG and IgA) and neutralizing activity were assessed over time before and after plasma transfusions, alongside to SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification and virus isolation from the upper respiratory tract. Already after the first cycle of plasma transfusion, the patient experienced rapid improvement of pneumonia, inflammation and blood cell counts, which may be related to the immunomodulatory properties of plasma. Subsequently, the cumulative increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies due to the three additional plasma transfusions was associated with progressive and finally complete viral clearance, resulting in full clinical recovery. In this case-report, administration of convalescent plasma revealed a stepwise effect with an initial and rapid anti-inflammatory activity followed by the progressive SARS-CoV-2 clearance. These data have potential implications for a more extended use of convalescent plasma and future monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of immunosuppressed COVID-19 patients

Effectiveness of a transition plan at discharge of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a before-and-after study.

We evaluated the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary transition plan to reduce early readmission among heart failure patients. We conducted a before-and-after study in a tertiary internal medicine department, comparing 3 years of retrospective data (pre-intervention) and 13 months of prospective data (intervention period). Intervention was the introduction in 2013 of a transition plan performed by a multidisciplinary team. We included all consecutive patients hospitalized with symptomatic heart failure and discharged to home. The outcomes were the fraction of days spent in hospital because of readmission, based on the sum of all days spent in hospital, and the rate of readmission. The same measurements were used for those with potentially avoidable readmissions. Four hundred thirty-one patients were included and compared with 1441 patients in the pre-intervention period. Of the 431 patients, 138 received the transition plan while 293 were non-completers. Neither the fraction of days spent for readmissions nor the rate of readmission decreased during the intervention period. However, non-completers had a higher rate of the fraction of days spent for 30 day readmission (19.2% vs. 16.1%, P = 0.002) and for potentially avoidable readmission (9.8% vs. 13.2%, P = 0.001). The rate of potentially avoidable readmission decreased from 11.3% (before) to 9.9% (non-completers) and 8.7% (completers), reaching the adjusted expected range given by SQLape® (7.7-9.1%). A transition plan, requiring many resources, could decrease potentially avoidable readmission but shows no benefit on overall readmission. Future research should focus on potentially avoidable readmissions and other indicators such as patient satisfaction, adverse drug events, or adherence

L'activité des professionnel-le-s de la santé comme objet de recherche : une exploration de l'erreur médicale et de la notion de centration sur le patient

Présentation La littérature montre que le problème de l'erreur médicale est loin d'être sous contrôle, malgré les efforts déployés pour améliorer la sécurité des soins. Le problème de l'erreur est éminemment complexe et doit être abordé sous différents angles. Une approche possible du problème est l'expérience des médecins face à l'erreur. A quoi les médecins attribuent-ils une erreur et comment font-ils face à une erreur dont ils se sentent responsables ? Quels mécanismes de coping sont mis en oeuvre ? Ces questions ne sont pas banales car certains médecins vont typiquement montrer des réactions défensives visant à minimiser leurs responsabilités et d'autres vont montrer des réactions constructives visant à amener des changements concrets dans leur pratique ou dans le système de soins. Enjeux Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre les facteurs qui influencent l'expérience de l'erreur et les mécanismes de coping après une erreur. Plus spécifiquement, cette recheche vise à explorer l'influence du genre. Les études disponibles sont quantitatives et n'abordent pas en profondeur l'expérience individuelle de femmes médecins. C'est dans ce créneau-là qu'a voulu se positionner cette recherche, en proposant une approche qualitative par interview. Contexte de recherche Le contexte général est l'expérience de l'erreur vécue par des femmes médecins. Afin de resserrer le cadre du projet, le recrutement a été ciblé sur (1) des médecins particulièrement à risque d'erreurs, c'est-à-dire des médecins novices, en formation postgraduée, et (2) des femmes travaillant en médecine interne hospitalière, un passage obligé pour nombre de médecins en formation. L'étude a été conduite au sein du Service de médecine interne du CHUV, avec 8 médecins-assistantes. Conclusions L'étude a révélé que la culture de l'erreur et de la sécurité est encore insuffisamment développée dans notre contexte de formation postgraduée et que l'expérience de l'erreur reste très douloureuse pour les médecins-assistantes. Le soutien de ia hiérarchie varie beaucoup et certaines assistantes se sentent clairement stigmatisées en situation d'erreur. Quant aux statégies de coping, nos données semblent indiquer un effet « genre » dans le type de statégies privilégiées. Certaines stratégies sont ciblées sur l'émotion et visent à minimiser l'impact émotionnel de l'erreur sur l'individu ; d'autres ciblées sur le problème et visent à engager des changements destinés à prévenir une récidive. Perspectives La profession médicale et les milieux de formation doivent travailler à une culture plus transparente de l'erreur. Avec une meilleure culture et un meilleur soutien des médecins exposées à l'erreur, il sera plus facile de les amener à des changements constructifs après une erreur. Des conclusions plus précises sur un effet « genre » impliquent de procéder à une comparaison directe entre médecins- assistants et médecins-assistantes. Contribution du doctorant J'ai eu l'idée initiale du projet, tandis que la perspective genre a été proposée par la première auteure, Cindy Ottiger Mankaka. J'ai supervisé l'ensemble du projet et apporté une contribution susbtantielle au manuscript en assurant la totalité du processus de soumission-révisions