Television: Peer-To-Peer’s Next Challenger

The entertainment industry has obsessed over the threat of peer-to-peer file sharing since the introduction of Napster in 1999. The sharing of television content may present a compelling case for fair use under the long-standing Betamax decision. Some argue that television sharing is fundamentally different than the distribution of music or movies since television is often distributed for free over public airwaves. However, a determination of fair use is unlikely because of the fundamental differences between recording a program and downloading it, recent regulation to suppress unauthorized content distribution and shifts in the television market brought on by new technology

I’ll marry you if you get me a job: cross-nativity marriages and immigrant employment rates

This paper tests whether marriage to a native affects the probability that an immigrant is employed. We provide a theoretical background which explains how marriage to a native may positively or negatively affect an immigrant’s employment probability. Utilizing the 2000 U.S. Census, we first look at the effect of cross-nativity marriages on employment using a linear probability model. Then, we estimate a two stage least squares model instrumenting for cross-nativity marriages using local marriage market conditions. Results from a linear probability model controlling for the usual measures of human capital and immigrant assimilation suggest that marriage to a native increases the employment probability of an immigrant by approximately 5 percentage points. When controlling for the endogeneity of the intermarriage decision, marriage to a native increases the employment probability by about 11 percentage points. We provide alternative explanations and suggest policy implications

Intermarriage and immigrant employment: the role of networks

The social integration of immigrants is believed to be an important determinant of immigrants’ labor market outcomes. Using 2000 U.S. Census data, we examine how and why marriage to a native, one measure of social assimilation, affects immigrant employment rates. We show that even when controlling for a variety of human capital and assimilation measures, marriage to a native increases the probability that an immigrant is employed. An instrumental variables approach which exploits variation in marriage market conditions suggests that the relationship between marriage decisions and employment rates is not likely to arise from positive selection into marrying a native. We then present several pieces of evidence suggesting that networks obtained through marriage play an important part in explaining this effect

Interethnic marriage decisions: a choice between ethnic and educational similarities

This paper examines the effect of education on intermarriage and specifically, whether the mechanisms through which education affects intermarriage differ by immigrant generation and race. We consider three main paths through which education affects marriage choice. First, educated people may be better able to adapt to different customs and cultures making them more likely to marry outside of their ethnicity. Second, because the educated are less likely to reside in ethnic enclaves, meeting potential spouses of the same ethnicity may involve higher search costs. Lastly, if spouse-searchers value similarities in education as well as ethnicity, then they may be willing to substitute similarities in education for ethnicity when evaluating spouses. Thus, the effect of education will depend on the availability of same-ethnicity potential spouses with a similar level of education. Using U.S. Census data, we find evidence for all three effects for the population in general. However, assortative matching on education seems to be relatively more important for the native born, for the foreign born that arrived at a fairly young age, and for Asians. We conclude by providing additional pieces of evidence suggestive of our hypotheses

The self-energy of a charged particle in the presence of a topological defect distribution

In this work we study a charged particle in the presence of both a continuous distribution of disclinations and a continuous distribution of edge dislocations in the framework of the geometrical theory of defects. We obtain the self-energy for a single charge both in the internal and external regions of either distribution. For both distributions the result outside the defect distribution is the self-energy that a single charge experiments in the presence of a single defect.Comment: 12 pages, Revtex4, two figures,to appear in Int. Joun. Mod. Phys.

Image Subtraction Reduction of Open Clusters M35 & NGC 2158 In The K2 Campaign-0 Super-Stamp

Observations were made of the open clusters M35 and NGC 2158 during the initial K2 campaign (C0). Reducing these data to high-precision photometric time-series is challenging due to the wide point spread function (PSF) and the blending of stellar light in such dense regions. We developed an image-subtraction-based K2 reduction pipeline that is applicable to both crowded and sparse stellar fields. We applied our pipeline to the data-rich C0 K2 super-stamp, containing the two open clusters, as well as to the neighboring postage stamps. In this paper, we present our image subtraction reduction pipeline and demonstrate that this technique achieves ultra-high photometric precision for sources in the C0 super-stamp. We extract the raw light curves of 3960 stars taken from the UCAC4 and EPIC catalogs and de-trend them for systematic effects. We compare our photometric results with the prior reductions published in the literature. For detrended, TFA-corrected sources in the 12--12.25 $\rm K_{p}$ magnitude range, we achieve a best 6.5 hour window running rms of 35 ppm falling to 100 ppm for fainter stars in the 14--14.25 $\rm K_{p}$ magnitude range. For stars with $\rm K_{p}> 14$, our detrended and 6.5 hour binned light curves achieve the highest photometric precision. Moreover, all our TFA-corrected sources have higher precision on all time scales investigated. This work represents the first published image subtraction analysis of a K2 super-stamp. This method will be particularly useful for analyzing the Galactic bulge observations carried out during K2 campaign 9. The raw light curves and the final results of our detrending processes are publicly available at \url{http://k2.hatsurveys.org/archive/}.Comment: Accepted for publication in PASP. 14 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. Light curves available from http://k2.hatsurveys.org/archive

Redes observação e a evolução tecnológica contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos na Meteorologia no século XX.

O objetivo deste trabalho é promover uma reflexão relacionada às características da evolução científica e institucional do campo científico da Meteorologia que possibilitaram, a partir de meados do século XX, a utilização de modelos matemáticos para fins de previsão do tempo. A Meteorologia é uma ciência relativamente jovem, se comparada à Matemática ou à Física, e que tem ganhado destaque desde a última metade do século XX. Alguns historiadores apontam que, antes do advento dos computadores e da ameaça do aquecimento global, a Meteorologia não possuia um carisma e uma velocidade de progresso que pudesse atrair eventuais historiadores. No entanto, a própria significância das preocupações sociais com o clima e suas alterações que marcaram a segunda metade do século XX, acabaram por gerar interesse pelas análises históricas relacionadas à Meteorologia. Estas análises apontam a especial relevância da evolução/ revolução tecnológica ocorrida no século XVII, com a invenção de vários instrumentos de medição como o barômetro e ou termômetro que permitiram que a Meteorologia passasse a ser uma ciência de bases quantitativas. No século XIX, a Meteorologia teve novo impulso com a invenção de instrumentos mais modernos para medição e do telégrafo aliada à sua ampla utilização por redes de observação meteorológica. Estas condições tornaram possível a geração de mapas sinópticos de previsão e a criação de sistemas de monitoramento e alarmes. Com isto, os serviços meteorológicos passaram a chamar a atenção dos Estados Nacionais. A evolução tecnológica e as formas institucionais criadas para o fornecimento de serviços meteorológicos - notadamente marcadas pelas redes de observação apoiadas pelo telégrafo - fornecem elementos para entender a evolução das técnicas utilizadas para atividades de previsão do tempo nos séculos XIX e XX. No século XX, a evolução tecnológica, calcada no desenvolvimento de tecnologias de informação e comunicação, permitiu o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos de previsão do tempo. O desenvolvimento do computador ENIAC, na década de 1950, possibilitou o cálculo da primeira previsão numérica do tempo. Este trabalho apresenta, sob uma forma revisional, o contexto tecnológico, organizacional e histórico que criou condições para a consolidação dos modelos de previsão numérica no campo da Meteorologia.Simpósio temático "Ciência&Tecnologia-Sociedade-História: Abordagens construtivistas"

Does Culture Affect Divorce? Evidence From European Immigrants in the United States

This article explores the role of culture in determining divorce by examining country-of-origin differences in divorce rates of immigrants in the United States. Because childhood-arriving immigrants are all exposed to a common set of U.S. laws and institutions, we interpret relationships between their divorce tendencies and home-country divorce rates as evidence of the effect of culture. Our results are robust to controlling for several home-country variables, including average church attendance and gross domestic product (GDP). Moreover, specifications with country-of-origin fixed effects suggest that immigrants from countries with low divorce rates are especially less likely to be divorced if they reside among a large number of coethnics. Supplemental analyses indicate that divorce culture has a stronger impact on the divorce decisions of females than of males, pointing to a potentially gendered nature of divorce taboos