Cutting edge: instructive role of peripheral tissue cells in the imprinting of T cell homing receptor patterns

Tissue-specific homing of effector and memory T cells to skin and small intestine requires the imprinting of specific combinations of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors by dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes. In this study, we demonstrate that CD8(+) T cells activated by Ag-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were induced to express the small intestine homing receptors alpha(4)beta(7) integrin and chemokine receptor CCR9 in coculture with small intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast, in coculture with dermal fibroblasts the skin-homing receptor E-selectin ligand was induced. Interestingly, the imprinting of gut homing receptors on anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated T cells was induced by soluble factors produced by small intestinal epithelial cells. Retinoic acid was identified as a crucial factor. These findings show that peripheral tissue cells directly produce homing receptor imprinting factors and suggest that dendritic cells can acquire their imprinting potential already in the peripheral tissue of origin

Innate immune responses to human malaria: heterogeneous cytokine responses to blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum correlate with parasitological and clinical outcomes.

Taking advantage of a sporozoite challenge model established to evaluate the efficacy of new malaria vaccine candidates, we have explored the kinetics of systemic cytokine responses during the prepatent period of Plasmodium falciparum infection in 18 unvaccinated, previously malaria-naive subjects, using a highly sensitive, bead-based multiplex assay, and relate these data to peripheral parasite densities as measured by quantitative real-time PCR. These data are complemented with the analysis of cytokine production measured in vitro from whole blood or PBMC, stimulated with P. falciparum-infected RBC. We found considerable qualitative and quantitative interindividual variability in the innate responses, with subjects falling into three groups according to the strength of their inflammatory response. One group secreted moderate levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10, but no detectable IL-12p70. A second group produced detectable levels of circulating IL-12p70 and developed very high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10. The third group failed to up-regulate any significant proinflammatory responses, but showed the highest levels of TGF-beta. Proinflammatory responses were associated with more rapid control of parasite growth but only at the cost of developing clinical symptoms, suggesting that the initial innate response may have far-reaching consequences on disease outcome. Furthermore, the in vitro observations on cytokine kinetics presented here, suggest that intact schizont-stage infected RBC can trigger innate responses before rupture of the infected RBC

Monitoring nauchnoi zhizni antropologicheskogo soobshchestva (2015 g.)

«Антропологический форум» представляет материалы очередного опроса, который проводится ежегодно с целью мониторинга научной жизни российского антропологического сообщества. Цель опроса — подведение итогов научной жизни и выявление рейтинга наиболее значимых монографий, статей, рецензий и др. В этом году мониторинг приурочен к XI Конгрессу этнографов и антропологов России. Редколлегия журнала обратилась к ученым с просьбой указать те события научной жизни, которые были, с их точки зрения, наиболее значительными за истекшие пять лет и прокомментировать их выбор. В публикации представлены полные тексты присланных ответов

Unsettling Post-War Settlement: Remembering Unassimilable Families in the Space of the Migrant Camp

Migrant camps were unsettling spaces for newly arrived families in post-war Australia. Post-WWII refugees and assisted migrants arriving from 1947 to the early 1970s labelled these temporary accommodation centres run by the Department of Immigration �camps�. Their ambiguity as spaces of refuge and containment persists in memory. Hundreds of thousands of assisted migrants and refugees passed through these camps, which were established from 1947 and progressively shut down from the late 1960s. This chapter will analyse memories of migrant camps by mothers, sons and daughters. They have grappled with their own contentious and contradictory family histories in the migrant camp and the ongoing legacies of being �received� and temporarily housed in a place of containment and control. As temporary and transient places, migrant camps were never intended to be long-term �homes� for migrant families. However, many families, particularly those with single mothers or with heads of households unable to secure ongoing and full-time work, found themselves living in camps for years. A substantial cohort of post-war migrant children grew up in centres like Benalla in Victoria or Greta in New South Wales. Family life was structured around the restrictions of communal and bureaucratised living�which had many implications for how each family member related to each other and to their new country of settlement. Constraints were also placed on their employment and movements by the Department of Immigration. This paper will tie together competing theories around migrant home-building, family memory and generational memory to argue that the place of the migrant centre has come to feature prominently in the meaning-making practice of family history, particularly for child migrants grappling with unsettled and unsettling family histories. The migrant camp is a difficult heritage place from which to build family memories, especially given the spectre of the camp-as-detention-centre. Nonetheless, many who arrived as children have seen it as their task to rescue these unsettling places of settlement from obscurity and to assert their dark heritage, their place in a more intimate and diverse history of Australian migration, which shines a light on discrimination and complicates public histories of the post-war immigration scheme and settlement