Bayesian Analysis of the Sudanese Immigrant Youth Crime Rates and the “Likelihood†of Committing Violent Offence than an Australian-Born

This paper presents a mixed method of inquiry into most of the public notions, shaping the Sudanese immigrant community's perception Australia wide. Firstly, a qualitative review regarding two remarks by Australian public figures will be considered and analyzed; and secondly, Bayesian analysis (BA) will be considered to analyze the randomness of the crimes: BA, is a highly predictive methodological tool used in a wide range of applications. For example, in predicting of crimes based on prior occurrences of an offence or groups of offences. Thus, the Bayesian analysis considers the hypothesized relationship between ‘Ethnicity and Criminality'; the emphasis is on the recorded Crime figures involving immigrant youth of the Sudanese-born residing in the state of Victoria. The figures are drawn mainly from the Australian statistical agencies and media sources; the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), media reports, community's prison population (CPP) and the overall Sudanese immigrant population in Australia (SIPA); comparative considerations with the overall Australian population (APP) and the Australian-born prison population (ABPP) from the years 2006 to 2007 will be looked into. The study concludes by suggesting the policy implication of this findings and future research directions

Effects of a road system on caribou distribution during calving

In winter 1981 - 82, a 29-km road system was built in a high-use caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) calving area near Milne Point, Alaska. Aerial surveys of this area were conducted annually during the calving period for 4 years before and 4 years after road construction. Effects of the road system on the distribution of caribou were investigated by comparing survey data obtained during these two periods. The 41 400-ha study area was partitioned into 40 quadrats; after construction (1982 - 85), significantly fewer caribou were observed within quadrats encompassing the present road system than before construction (1978 - 81). The area within 6 km of the road system was stratified into six 1-km intervals, and differences in the distribution of caribou among those strata were examined using linear regression analysis. After construction, the density of maternal females was positively correlated with distance, whereas no such relationship was apparent before construction. Density of nonmaternal adults was unrelated to distance during both periods. The results suggest that a local displacement of maternal caribou has occurred in response to roads and associated human activity

Racial and Ethnic Ancestry of the Nation\u27s Black Law Students: An Analysis of Data from the LSSSE Survey

This article proceeds in three substantive parts. In Part I, we discuss the changing racial and ethnic ancestries of Black people in the United States since affirmative action began. In Part II, we discuss the LSSSE data set that we use along with our weighting procedure based on the ABA data. Also in Part II, we discuss the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), a subset of the American Community Survey (ACS). We use the ACS PUMS to provide comparative national data to analyze the relative representation of each group of Blacks among law students. In Part III, we present the primary results of this study. It is the heart of the article and deserves further exposition. In the first section of Part III, we present socioeconomic data on each of the examined groups to explain why we have separated them for analysis. Our primary assumptions are that Ascendant Blacks have more experience with the history of racial discrimination in the US and that this history has impacted them more. We point to differences in a number of socioeconomic factors that provide some support for these assumptions. In the second section of Part III, we use the LSSSE and ACS PUMS data to examine the relative representation of Ascendant and each group of Successive Blacks among law students and compare that with the relative representation of non-Hispanic, non-immigrant, non-multiracial White people, who we will refer to as “Whites.” We find that, save for Black Immigrants, Ascendant and Successive Blacks are underrepresented in law schools in comparison to their percentage in the population and that this underrepresentation is the most pronounced for Ascendant Blacks. Similarly, we examine the proportionate representation of Ascendant and Successive Blacks among students at top 50 law schools in the LSSSE survey and find that all of these groups are more underrepresented in top 50 law schools than in law schools in general and that once again this underrepresentation is greatest for Ascendant Blacks. We then discuss various “pipeline” issues that may contribute to this underrepresentation, including completion of a college degree, undergraduate grades and LSAT scores. In the third section of Part III, we use the LSSSE and ACS PUMS data to examine each group’s representation by gender. Given that for the past 30 years, over 60% of undergraduate degrees earned by Black people have gone to women,6 we document the gross underrepresentation of men for all groups of Black people in law school when compared to their percentage in the general population. Indeed, we find that all of the underrepresentation suffered by Black people in law schools is suffered by Black men and Ascendant Black women. Again, we examine attendance in top 50 law schools and consider potential pipeline issues, this time with an eye toward differences associated with gender. We find that Black men suffer greater underrepresentation among top 50 law school students and suffer greater pipeline issues, except that Black men score higher on the LSAT. Finally, in the fourth section of Part III, we examine the impact of class on Ascendant and Successive Blacks by examining the distribution of parental educational achievement for each group and estimating the payoff for each group in the percent of law students achieved for the parent’s generation that attains a given level of educational accomplishment. Corresponding numbers are calculated for Whites for purposes of comparison. We find that both Ascendant and Successive Blacks suffer relative to Whites due to a comparative lack of parental educational achievement, and a lower payoff in percent of law students for parental educational achievement, but that Ascendant Blacks suffer the most. Interestingly, with respect to the payoff in law students for parental educational achievement, we find that both Black people and Whites with low parental educational achievement attend law school at approximately the same (very low) rate. However, among those who enjoy the advantage of high parental educational achievement, Whites enjoy a significantly higher payoff than Black people in terms of the percent of law students resulting from a percent of the parents’ generation who achieve graduate degrees, although both Black people and Whites are much more likely to go to law school than the progeny of parents with low educational achievement. Apparently, at least with respect to attending law school, the advantages enjoyed by Whites accrue to the children of the higher educated to a significantly greater extent than they do to Black people

Rapid methods of landslide hazard mapping : Fiji case study

A landslide hazard probability map can help planners (1) prepare for, and/or mitigate against, the effects of landsliding on communities and infrastructure, and (2) avoid or minimise the risks associated with new developments. The aims of the project were to establish, by means of studies in a few test areas, a generic method by which remote sensing and data analysis using a geographic information system (GIS) could provide a provisional landslide hazard zonation map. The provision of basic hazard information is an underpinning theme of the UN’s International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). It is an essential requirement for disaster preparedness and mitigation planning. This report forms part of BGS project 92/7 (R5554) ‘Rapid assessment of landslip hazards’ Carried out under the ODA/BGS Technology Development and Research Programme as part of the British Government’s provision of aid to developing countries. It provides a detailed technical account of work undertaken in a test area in Viti Levu in collaboration with Fiji Mineral Resources Department. The study represents a demonstration of a methodology that is applicable to many developing countries. The underlying principle is that relationships between past landsliding events, interpreted from remote sensing, and factors such as the geology, relief, soils etc provide the basis for modelling where future landslides are most likely to occur. This is achieved using a GIS by ‘weighting’ each class of each variable (e.g. each lithology ‘class’ of the variable ‘geology’) according to the proportion of landslides occurring within it compared to the regional average. Combinations of variables, produced by summing the weights in individual classes, provide ‘models’ of landslide probability. The approach is empirical but has the advantage of potentially being able to provide regional scale hazard maps over large areas quickly and cheaply; this is unlikely to be achieved using conventional ground-based geotechnical methods. In Fiji, landslides are usually triggered by intense rain storms commonly associated with tropical cyclones. However, the regional distribution of landslides has not been mapped nor is it known how far geology and landscape influence the location and severity of landsliding events. The report discusses the remote sensing and GIS methodology, and describes the results of the pilot study over an area of 713 km2 in south east Viti Levu. The landslide model uses geology, elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, soil type, and forest cover as inputs. The resulting provisional landslide hazard zonation map, divided into high, medium and low zones of landslide hazard probability, suggests that whilst rainfall is the immediate cause, others controls do exert a significant influence. It is recommended that consideration be given in Fiji to implementing the techniques as part of a national strategic plan for landslide hazard zonation mapping

AMATEUR BOXER BIOMECHANICS AND PUNCH FORCE

The current study investigates the correlation between punch biomechanics and punch force in amateur male boxers (n=39). A Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was used to gather punch force values. TrackEye Motion Analysis (TEMA) was used to measure the velocity of each boxer’s punch. Lower body force values were determined using the Functional Assessment of Biomechanics (FAB) system. Two types of punches, hooks and straights, were analyzed. It was determined that punch forces correlated more strongly to hand velocity than to lower body forces. Punch force correlated to hand velocity with R2 values of 0.380 and 0.391 for hook and straight punches, respectively (

ACUTE EFFECTS OF DENTAL APPLIANCES ON UPPER AND LOWER ISOKINETIC MUSCLE FUNCTION

The possibility that athletic performance can be affected by a person’s jaw posture during the activity has been of interest to sports practitioners for many years. Using established elbow and knee flexion/extension testing protocols on a calibrated isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 2, Shirley, NY), this study examined selected muscle function characteristics in male NCAA II college football players (n=18) under test conditions in which they wore a professionally-fitted dental appliance (PowerPlus) designed for optimal maxilla-mandibular spacing, a common “boil-and-bite”-type mouth guard (Shock Dr.), and conditions in which they were instructed to have their teeth touch while keeping the jaws relaxed (Relax) or clenched (Clench) without wearing any oral appliances. Results indicated a significant improvement in total work (+9.8%), peak torque/body weight (+10.5%), and average power (+11.25%) for elbow flexion in the PowerPlus relative to the Relax condition. Similarly, knee flexion total work for the PowerPlus was significantly higher compared to both Relax and Clench test conditions