Petrology of some oceanic island basalts: PRIMELT2.XLS software for primary magma calculation

PRIMELT2.XLS software is introduced for calculating primary magma composition and mantle potential temperature (TP) from an observed lava composition. It is an upgrade over a previous version in that it includes garnet peridotite melting and it detects complexities that can lead to overestimates in TP by >100°C. These are variations in source lithology, source volatile content, source oxidation state, and clinopyroxene fractionation. Nevertheless, application of PRIMELT2.XLS to lavas from a wide range of oceanic islands reveals no evidence that volatile-enrichment and source fertility are sufficient to produce them. All are associated with thermal anomalies, and this appears to be a prerequisite for their formation. For the ocean islands considered in this work, TP maxima are typically ~1450–1500°C in the Atlantic and 1500–1600°C in the Pacific, substantially greater than ~1350°C for ambient mantle. Lavas from the Galápagos Islands and Hawaii record in their geochemistry high TP maxima and large ranges in both TP and melt fraction over short horizontal distances, a result that is predicted by the mantle plume model

Judicial Independence in Excess: Reviving the Judicial Duty of the Supreme Court

Independence from extrinsic influence is, we know, indispensable to public trust in the integrity of professional judges who share the duty to decide cases according to preexisting law. But such independence is less appropriate for those expected to make new law to govern future events. Indeed, in a democratic government those who make new law are expected to be accountable to their constituents, not independent of their interests and unresponsive to their desires. The Supreme Court of the United States has in the last century largely forsaken responsibility for the homely task of deciding cases in accord with preexisting law and has settled into the role of a superlegislature devoted to making new law to govern future events. Citizens who see our judges as primarily engaged in this political role are understandably less tolerant of their claim to independence and are more intent on holding them to account for unwelcome decisions. Such popular dissatisfaction, or even unrest, with our judiciary is a source of prudent concern expressed by Justices, among others. This Article responds to that shared concern with a proposal to restore the Supreme Court to a more purely judicial role by reviving the duty of Justices to decide cases. It would require the Court to decide numerous cases certified by a group of experienced lower federal court judges as the cases most in need of their judicial attention. This proposal is intended not only to strengthen the claim to independence of the Supreme Court, but also that of other courts subject to its leadership

Notched impact behavior of polymer blends: Part 1: New model for particle size dependence

A model is proposed to explain the observed relationships between particle size and fracture resistance in high-performance blends, which typically reach maximum toughness at particle diameters of 0.2–0.4 μm. To date there has been no satisfactory explanation for the ductile–brittle (DB) transition at large particle sizes. The model is based on a recently developed criterion for craze initiation, which treats large cavitated rubber particles as craze-initiating Griffith flaws. Using this criterion in conjunction with Westergaard's equations, it is possible to map the spread from the notch tip of three deformation mechanisms: rubber particle cavitation, multiple crazing and shear yielding. Comparison of zone sizes leads to the conclusion that maximum toughness is achieved when the particles are large enough to cavitate a long way ahead of a notch or crack tip, but not so large that they initiate unstable crazes and thus reduce fracture resistance

Original Sin and Judicial Independence: Providing Accountability for Justices

The independence of the judiciary is an enduring and defining objective of the legal profession. Law depends on judges to observe and enforce it. To secure such virtuous judges, they must be protected from retaliation by those who disapprove their decisions and prevented from receiving rewards from those who benefit by them. Those having the greatest stake in shielding judges from intimidation or reward are the profession that shares their dependence on public acceptance and respect. And that task of protecting judicial independence stands today at the very top of the agenda of the American legal profession

Waterfowl Harvest and Hunter Use at Carlyle Lake During the 1973 Season

Division of Wildlife Resources Migratory Bird Section, Periodic Report No. 7Report issued on: April 15, 197

Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Serological studies and radioimmunoassay

Mouse antisera against calf terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (terminal transferase) have been prepared. The sera have been used to characterize terminal transferase both by studying inhibition of enzyme activity and by developing a competition radioimmunoassay using highly purified 125I-labeled terminal transferase. By either assay, anti-terminal transferase serum did not cross-react significantly with calf DNA polymerases alpha and beta, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, or the reverse transcriptase of Moloney mouse leukemia virus. The calf terminal transferase did, however, share cross-reactive but not identical determinants with human and murine terminal transferase. The radioimmunoassay could detect as little as 2 ng of terminal transferase/mg of soluble protein in a tissue extract. Thymocytes were found to contain 280 ng of terminal transferase/mg of cell protein or about 1 X 10^(5) molecules/cell; bone marrow had about 1% of the level of enzyme found in thymus. Extracts of spleen, peripheral white blood cells, lymph nodes, liver, muscle, and kidney all lacked detectable antigenicity of terminal transferase. These data indicate that terminal transferase is a tissue-specific enzyme and is not related to other DNA polymerases