Erosion versus construction: The origin of Venusian channels

Lava channels are a common feature in the volcanic regions of the Moon, and have now been observed on Venus. There has been much debate about the origin of lunar channels as to whether they are the result of erosional (either thermal or mechanical) or constructional processes. It is necessary to determine the criteria to distinguish between the different types of channels. The clearest evidence is that the presence of levees indicates that the channel experienced a constructional phase for a period. One example of a channel of this type in the southeast region of Aphrodite Terra appears to show both erosional and constructional characteristics. It is approximately 700 km long with an average width of about 1 km. It drops a distance of 700 m from beginning to end, which means that the average slope is 0.06 degrees. Its source may have been a graben situated at the northwest end of the channel. It appears to have different origins along its length. The lack of levees near the source suggests that the channel is erosional in this region. The presence of levees indicates that a constructional phase has occurred. These are formed by lava repeatedly splashing over the channel sides and solidifying. Evidence of levees is seen further away from the source. However, the presence of levees does not mean that the lava was not also eroding and deepening the channel. Thus, in conclusion, our example channel is very sinuous and there is evidence of erosion. There may also have been overflow here. In its middle reaches it roofs over and has the characteristics of a lava tube. In the lower reaches there is strong evidence for the presence of levees indicating construction. On Earth, limited amounts of erosion may occur in basaltic lava channels, although not nearly on the same scale as on the planets just mentioned. For lava erosion on Earth to occur to a comparable extent, excessive eruption times are required. However, low-viscosity komatiite lava may erode to a larger extent and there is direct evidence that carbonatite lava erodes when the underlying strata is also carbonatite. Previously, it has always been assumed that for thermal erosion to occur the flow must be turbulent. Recent findings indicate that this may be a false assumption and that laminar flow may be effective in eroding the substrate

Joseph McNeil Citation for Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humanities

Photocopy of citation for Honorary Doctor of Humanities Degree for Joseph Alfred McNeil by Charles D. Bussey, Chairman of the Board of Trusteeshttps://digital.library.ncat.edu/atfour/1022/thumbnail.jp

Jibreel Khazan (Ezell Blair, Jr.) Citation for Honary Degree of Doctor of Humanities

Photocopy of citation for Honorary Doctor of Humanities Degree for Joseph Alfred McNeil by Charles D. Bussey, Chairman of the Board of Trusteeshttps://digital.library.ncat.edu/atfour/1019/thumbnail.jp

Franklin McCain Citation for Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humanities

Photocopy of citation for Honorary Doctor of Humanities Degree for Franklin McCain by Charles D. Bussey, Chairman of the Board of Trusteeshttps://digital.library.ncat.edu/atfour/1016/thumbnail.jp

An Analysis Of The Title Role In Scapino!

The purpose of this thesis is to serve as documentation of the performance of the title role in Scapino!. It is separated into three parts including a play analysis, a character analysis, and a summation of the rehearsal process. Each section is linked directly to the plays commedia roots, and draws a link between Moliere’s original play Les Fourberies de Scapin, and the work that resulted from the Young Vic’s production Scapino!. The conclusions that are reached serve as an informational tool for the performance of the character of Scapino

Transient inactivation of perirhinal cortex disrupts encoding, retrieval, and consolidation of object recognition memory.

Damage to perirhinal cortex (PRh) impairs object recognition memory in humans, monkeys, and rats when tested in tasks such as delayed nonmatching to sample, visual paired comparison, and its rodent analog, the spontaneous object recognition task. In the present study, we have capitalized on the discrete one-trial nature of the spontaneous object recognition task to investigate the role of PRh in several distinct stages of object recognition memory. In a series of experiments, transient inactivation of PRh was accomplished with bilateral infusions of lidocaine directly into PRh immediately before the sample phase (encoding), immediately before the choice phase (retrieval), or within the retention delay after the sample phase (storage-consolidation). Compared with performance on trials in which they received saline infusions, rats were significantly impaired when lidocaine was infused before the sample phase, regardless of the length of the retention delay. Similarly, delay-independent deficits were observed after immediate pre-choice infusions of lidocaine. Finally, PRh inactivation immediately and 20 min after the sample phase, but not 40, 60, or 80 min after, also disrupted subsequent object recognition when the retention delay was sufficiently long to ensure the dissipation of the actions of lidocaine during the choice phase. The effects of pre-sample and pre-choice inactivation indicate involvement of PRh in encoding and retrieval stages of object recognition, and the time course of post-sample inactivation effects suggests a role for PRh in the maintenance of the object trace during memory consolidation

Glutamate receptors in perirhinal cortex mediate encoding, retrieval, and consolidation of object recognition memory.

Object recognition is consistently impaired in human amnesia and animal models thereof. Results from subjects with permanent brain damage have revealed the importance of the perirhinal cortex to object recognition memory. Here, we report evidence from rats for interdependent but distinct stages in object recognition memory (encoding, retrieval, and consolidation), which require glutamate receptor activity within perirhinal cortex. Transient blockade of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission within perirhinal cortex disrupted encoding for short- and long-term memory as well as retrieval and consolidation. In contrast, transient NMDA receptor blockade during encoding affected only long-term object recognition memory; NMDA receptor activity was also necessary for consolidation but not retrieval. These results further demonstrate the importance of perirhinal cortex for object recognition memory and suggest that, as in the hippocampus, AMPA and NMDA receptors mediate synaptic transmission and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, respectively, in several stages of memory processing

MOVEMENT VARIABILITY IN THE SPINAL KINEMATICS OF FAST BOWLERS

The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter- and intra-individual spinal movement variability in a group of pre-elite and elite fast bowlers. Eleven pre-elite and elite level bowlers from the Otago region (New Zealand) took part in the study. Each bowler bowled two six-over spells, while being recorded by a 3D motion analysis system in two sessions, one week apart. Thorax and lumbopelvis segments were modelled and analysed. Between session changes in spine kinematics were greatest for lateral bending (p = .0001). Inter-individual variability was much greater than the average within-participant variability (more than double), highlighting the need for individual analyses of fast bowlers in the future. Inter- and intra-individual variability in spinal movement among a homogenous group of fast bowlers found in the current study will be important for designing future studies on cricket fast bowlers

Paradoxical facilitation of object recognition memory after infusion of scopolamine into perirhinal cortex: implications for cholinergic system function.

The cholinergic system has long been implicated in learning and memory, yet its specific function remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of cortical acetylcholine in a rodent model of declarative memory by infusing the cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine into the rat perirhinal cortex during different stages (encoding, storage/consolidation, and retrieval) of the spontaneous object recognition task. Presample infusions of scopolamine significantly impaired object recognition compared with performance of the same group of rats on saline trials; this result is consistent with previous reports supporting a role for perirhinal acetylcholine in object information acquisition. Scopolamine infusions directly before the retrieval stage had no discernible effect on object recognition. However, postsample infusions of scopolamine with sample-to-infusion delays of up to 20 h significantly facilitated performance relative to postsample saline infusion trials. Additional analysis suggested that the infusion episode could cause retroactive or proactive interference with the sample object trace and that scopolamine blocked the acquisition of this interfering information, thereby facilitating recognition memory. This is, to our knowledge, the first example of improved recognition memory after administration of scopolamine. The overall pattern of results is inconsistent with a direct role for cortical acetylcholine in declarative memory consolidation or retrieval. Rather, the cholinergic input to the perirhinal cortex may facilitate acquisition by enhancing the cortical processing of incoming stimulus information

A novel 2- and 3-choice touchscreen-based continuous trial-unique nonmatching-to-location task (cTUNL) sensitive to functional differences between dentate gyrus and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus.

RATIONALE: The touchscreen continuous trial-unique non-matching-to-location task (cTUNL) has been developed to optimise a battery of tasks under NEWMEDS (Novel Methods leading to New Medication in Depression and Schizophrenia, http://www.newmeds-europe.com ). It offers novel task features of both a practical and a theoretical nature compared to existing touchscreen tasks for spatial working memory. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine whether the cTUNL task is sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 hippocampal subregion contributions to performance. METHODS: The effect of DG and CA3 dysfunction on memory for locations in the cTUNL task was tested. Rats were assessed on versions of the task-two-choice and three-choice-that differed in memory load. Performance was challenged using manipulations of delay and the spatial separation between target and sample locations. RESULTS: Dysfunction of the DG disrupts performance across both delay and spatial separations in two-choice cTUNL when the delay is variable and unpredictable. Increasing the working memory load (three stimuli) increases sensitivity to DG dysfunction, with deficits apparent at fixed, short delays. In contrast, CA3 dysfunction did not disrupt performance. CONCLUSION: Acquisition of cTUNL was rapid, and the task was sensitive to manipulations of delays and separations. A three-choice version of the task was found to be viable. Finally, both the two- and three-choice versions of the task were able to differentiate between limited dysfunction to different areas within the hippocampus. DG dysfunction affected performance when using unpredictable task parameters. CA3 dysfunction did not result in impairment, even at the longest delays tested.This work was supported by the Innovative Medicine Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115008 of which resources are composed of EFPIA inkind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013). As part of this project, CAO was funded by Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., of Johnson & Johnson.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4019-