Обнаружение траекторий движущихся прямолинейно воздушных целей при вторичной обработке радиолокационной информации

Introduction. The primary functions of secondary processing of radar information are to detect and maintain the trajectories of air targets (AT). The AT trajectory detection can be characterised by the probability of detecting trajectory and average autocapture time. When the target moves, its distance from the radar station changes, leading to a change in the signal/noise ratio and the probability of detecting AT.Aim. To assess the impact of a change in the probability of detection of a straight and evenly moving target at consecutive time intervals of radar observation upon the characteristics of trajectory detection during secondary processing of radar information.Methods and materials. The research aim was achieved using the methods of mathematical statistics, including verification of statistical hypotheses, assessment of distribution parameters and theory of perturbations by small parameters. The ratio of the distance travelled by the AT during the review period to the target range at the initial moment of its detection was chosen as a perturbation parameter.Results. Analytical expressions were established for the probability of detecting a straight-moving AT and the probability of detecting the trajectory of its movement at interval multiples during the study period. The study illustrated the probability of detecting AT moving away from radar by means of consistent radar observations with reduced signal/noise ratios and angles between the velocity vector and the AT vector radius relative to the radar. The increase in AT speed which causes the z parameter to change from 0.01 to 0.07 reduces the probability of AT detection from 0.727 to 0.52 and leads to a corresponding change in the probability of detecting the trajectory. If the observation time is reduced by one time interval, the probability of detecting the trajectory is from 0.03 to 0.04…0.07 for signal/noise 40 ratio and from 0.06 to 0.08…0.11 for signal/noise 25 ratio (with the probability of false alarm 10–4 ).Conclusion. The resulting expressions allow for the calculation of directly moving AT trajectory detection, considering changes in the probability of detecting targets in successive time intervals of radar observations.Введение. Основными задачами вторичной обработки радиолокационной информации являются обнаружение и сопровождение траекторий движения воздушных целей (ВЦ). При этом процесс обнаружения траекторий движения ВЦ принято характеризовать вероятностями их обнаружения и средним временем их автозахвата. При движении цели ее дальность от радиолокационной станции (РЛС) изменяется, что приводит к изменению отношения сигнал/шум и вероятности обнаружения ВЦ.Цель работы. Оценка влияния изменения вероятности обнаружения прямолинейно движущейся цели при радиолокационных наблюдениях на характеристики обнаружения траектории ее движения при вторичной обработке радиолокационной информации.Методы. Используются методы математической статистики: проверка статистических гипотез, оценка параметров распределений и теория возмущений по малому параметру. В качестве возмущающего параметра выбрано отношение расстояния, проходимого ВЦ за период обзора, к дальности цели в начальный момент ее обнаружения.Результаты. Получены аналитические выражения для вероятности обнаружения прямолинейно движущейся ВЦ и вероятности обнаружения траектории ее движения на интервалах, кратных периоду обзора. Проиллюстрировано уменьшение вероятности обнаружения ВЦ, удаляющейся от РЛС, при последовательных радиолокационных наблюдениях с уменьшением отношений сигнал/шум и угла между вектором скорости и радиусом-вектором ВЦ относительно РЛС. Увеличение скорости ВЦ, вызывающее изменение параметра z с 0.01 до 0.07, приводит к уменьшению вероятности обнаружения ВЦ с 0.727 до 0.52 и к соответствующему изменению вероятности обнаружения траектории. При сокращении времени наблюдения на один временной интервал уменьшение вероятности обнаружения траектории составляет от 0.03 до 0.04...0.07 для отношения сигнал/шум 40 и от 0.06 до 0.08...0.11 для отношения сигнал/шум 25 (при вероятности ложной тревоги 10–4 ).Заключение. Полученные выражения позволяют рассчитывать характеристики обнаружения траекторий воздушных целей, движущихся прямолинейно, с учетом изменений вероятностей обнаружения целей в последовательных временных интервалах обзора радиолокационных наблюдений

Detection of the Trajectories of Moving Rectilinearly Air Targets in the Secondary Processing of Radar Information

Introduction. The primary functions of secondary processing of radar information are to detect and maintain the trajectories of air targets (AT). The AT trajectory detection can be characterised by the probability of detecting trajectory and average autocapture time. When the target moves, its distance from the radar station changes, leading to a change in the signal/noise ratio and the probability of detecting AT.Aim. To assess the impact of a change in the probability of detection of a straight and evenly moving target at consecutive time intervals of radar observation upon the characteristics of trajectory detection during secondary processing of radar information.Methods and materials. The research aim was achieved using the methods of mathematical statistics, including verification of statistical hypotheses, assessment of distribution parameters and theory of perturbations by small parameters. The ratio of the distance travelled by the AT during the review period to the target range at the initial moment of its detection was chosen as a perturbation parameter.Results. Analytical expressions were established for the probability of detecting a straight-moving AT and the probability of detecting the trajectory of its movement at interval multiples during the study period. The study illustrated the probability of detecting AT moving away from radar by means of consistent radar observations with reduced signal/noise ratios and angles between the velocity vector and the AT vector radius relative to the radar. The increase in AT speed which causes the z parameter to change from 0.01 to 0.07 reduces the probability of AT detection from 0.727 to 0.52 and leads to a corresponding change in the probability of detecting the trajectory. If the observation time is reduced by one time interval, the probability of detecting the trajectory is from 0.03 to 0.04…0.07 for signal/noise 40 ratio and from 0.06 to 0.08…0.11 for signal/noise 25 ratio (with the probability of false alarm 10–4 ).Conclusion. The resulting expressions allow for the calculation of directly moving AT trajectory detection, considering changes in the probability of detecting targets in successive time intervals of radar observations

Роль ниркової дисфункції у розвитку ускладнень цирозу печінки

Renal dysfunction is defined as progressing renal failure against chronic and acute failure of a liver at insignificant or total absence of morphological changes in kidneys. Emergence of renal dysfunction at cirrhosis is an integral part of a natural course of the disease characterizing its weight. However the importance of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis and its correction today fully are not defined.The aim of research. To estimate the role of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis.Materials and methods. 70 patients with cirrhosis took part in the study. 34 patients were hospitalized with ascites resistant to the diuretics and 36 patients had bleeding from esophageal varices. 29 patients have died. Duration of supervision of patients was from 2-3 weeks to 1,5-2 years. All patients had numerous clinical, laboratory and instrumental researches. They included measurement of a daily diuresis, body weight, abdominal circumference. Laboratory researches included, in addition to standard, definition of a creatinine, sodium and potassium level in blood and urine, speeds of a glomerular filtration (GFR). Ultrasonic research (US) of abdominal organs with vessels of an abdominal cavity and renal arteries color duplex scan. Diameter of renal arteries, speed of  blood-groove on them and an index of resistance of arteries were estimated. Data of instrumental and laboratory researches were compared with clinical characteristics of a course of a disease and existence of complications.   Results. In 14 (39%) patients with bleeding and 28 (82%) with ascites before development of complications the negative water balance – decrease diuresis in comparison with amount of the drunk liquid was noted at the corresponding diuretic therapy that is an early clinical sign of development of renal dysfunction. At laboratory inspection in all patients before hospitalization the tendency to GFR decrease was noted. At an ultrasonic exam of renal arteries resistance index exceeded normal ranges (0,6-0,7) and was 0,95±0,03. In the absence of correction of renal dysfunction the unsatisfactory results of treatment consisting in frequent recurrence of bleeding and high mortality are noted. Conclusions. Clinical manifestation of renal dysfunction is the negative water balance; the laboratory – a tendency to speed of a glomerular filtration decrease; the tool – reduction of diameter of renal arteries, decrease in a volume blood-groove in them, increase in an index of resistance in process of transition from the disease not complicated to the complicated current that took place in 76% of patients. In 82% patients with ascites and 39% with bleeding from esophageal varices clinically significant renal dysfunction took place before development of complications. More than for 60% of patients with early recurrence of bleeding the gepatorenal syndrome was diagnosed. At all died patients hepato-renal insufficiency was noted. Исследована функция почек у больных с компенсированным и декомпенсированным течением цирроза печени. Дана оценка роли почечной дисфункции в развитии осложнений цирроза.Дослідили функцію нирок у хворих із компенсованим і декомпенсованим перебігом цирозу печінки. Здійснили оцінювання ролі ниркової дисфункції у розвитку ускладнень цирозу

Корекція ниркової дисфункції у хворих із декомпенсованим перебігом цирозу печінки

Aim. Elaboration of the uniform tactical installations concerning questions of rational therapy of patients with renal dysfunction in cirrhosis and its complications  is actual.Methods and results. Effectiveness of the treatment of 48 patients with renal dysfunction was studied. As basis therapy terlipressin (Remestip)  and albumin were used. It was established that treatment of renal dysfunction improves survival rate of patients and allows to extend terms of complications development.Conclusion. It testifies the influence of correction of renal dysfunction in patients with decompensative course of cirrhosis on duration and quality of their life.  Актуальна выработка единых тактических установок, касающихся вопросов рациональной терапии больных с почечной дисфункцией при циррозе печени и его осложнениях. С целью оценки роли почечной дисфункции при осложнениях цирроза печени изучены результаты лечения 48 больных, которым дополнительно проведена коррекция почечной дисфункции. В основе терапии – назначение терлипрессина и альбумина, эффективность которых составила 70%. Установлено, что лечение почечной дисфункции улучшает выживаемость пациентов и позволяет удлинить сроки между рецидивами развития осложнений. Это свидетельствует о значимости коррекции почечной дисфункции у больных с декомпенсированным течением цирроза печени на продолжительность и качество их жизни. Актуальним є напрацювання єдиних тактичних установок, що стосуються питань раціональної терапії хворих із нирковою дисфункцією при цирозі печінки та його ускладненнях. З метою оцінки ролі ниркової дисфункції при ускладненнях цирозу печінки вивчили результати лікування 48 хворих, яким додатково виконали корекцію ниркової дисфункції. Основою терапії було призначення терліпресину й альбуміну, їх ефективність становила 70%. Визначили, що лікування ниркової дисфункції поліпшує виживаність пацієнтів і дає можливість подовжити строки між рецидивами розвитку ускладнень. Це свідчить про значення корекції ниркової дисфункції у хворих із декомпенсованим перебігом цирозу печінки на тривалість і якість їхнього життя

Correction of renal dysfunction in patients with the decompensated course of cirrhosis

Aim. Elaboration of the uniform tactical installations concerning questions of rational therapy of patients with renal dysfunction in cirrhosis and its complications is actual. Methods and results. Effectiveness of the treatment of 48 patients with renal dysfunction was studied. As basis therapy terlipressin (Remestip) and albumin were used. It was established that treatment of renal dysfunction improves survival rate of patients and allows to extend terms of complications development. Conclusion. It testifies the influence of correction of renal dysfunction in patients with decompensative course of cirrhosis on duration and quality of their life

Role of renal dysfunction in development of cirrhosis complications

Renal dysfunction is defined as progressing renal failure against chronic and acute failure of a liver at insignificant or total absence of morphological changes in kidneys. Emergence of renal dysfunction at cirrhosis is an integral part of a natural course of the disease characterizing its weight. However the importance of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis and its correction today fully are not defined. The aim of research. To estimate the role of renal dysfunction in development of complications of cirrhosis. Materials and methods. 70 patients with cirrhosis took part in the study. 34 patients were hospitalized with ascites resistant to the diuretics and 36 patients had bleeding from esophageal varices. 29 patients have died. Duration of supervision of patients was from 2-3 weeks to 1,5-2 years. All patients had numerous clinical, laboratory and instrumental researches. They included measurement of a daily diuresis, body weight, abdominal circumference. Laboratory researches included, in addition to standard, definition of a creatinine, sodium and potassium level in blood and urine, speeds of a glomerular filtration (GFR). Ultrasonic research (US) of abdominal organs with vessels of an abdominal cavity and renal arteries color duplex scan. Diameter of renal arteries, speed of blood-groove on them and an index of resistance of arteries were estimated. Data of instrumental and laboratory researches were compared with clinical characteristics of a course of a disease and existence of complications. Results. In 14 (39%) patients with bleeding and 28 (82%) with ascites before development of complications the negative water balance – decrease diuresis in comparison with amount of the drunk liquid was noted at the corresponding diuretic therapy that is an early clinical sign of development of renal dysfunction. At laboratory inspection in all patients before hospitalization the tendency to GFR decrease was noted. At an ultrasonic exam of renal arteries resistance index exceeded normal ranges (0,6-0,7) and was 0,95±0,03. In the absence of correction of renal dysfunction the unsatisfactory results of treatment consisting in frequent recurrence of bleeding and high mortality are noted. Conclusions. Clinical manifestation of renal dysfunction is the negative water balance; the laboratory – a tendency to speed of a glomerular filtration decrease; the tool – reduction of diameter of renal arteries, decrease in a volume blood-groove in them, increase in an index of resistance in process of transition from the disease not complicated to the complicated current that took place in 76% of patients. In 82% patients with ascites and 39% with bleeding from esophageal varices clinically significant renal dysfunction took place before development of complications. More than for 60% of patients with early recurrence of bleeding the gepatorenal syndrome was diagnosed. At all died patients hepato-renal insufficiency was noted