THE PROBLEM OF USING GADGETS AS A MEANS OF FALSIFICATION OF RESULTS CHECK LEVEL OF STUDENTS KNOWLEDGE

Abstract. The aim of the present research is studying of the range, technical characteristics, and also price categories of micro earphones, the devices intended for simplification by the pupil of examination and distorting the level of knowledge on control activities. Methods. The formalized interview is used as the main method of the research, i.e. a conversation on detailed developed program including a consistent design of seventeen closed and open questions, and also versions of possible answers. Results. The suppliers and sellers of micro earphones were interviewed on the Internet by mobile communication. Besides, the analysis of the relevant information posted at discussion boards, social networks, etc. is carried out. Statistical material is processed, tabulated and visually demonstrated in charts. The obtained data allow us to estimate geography, specification of types, a technical and price variety of the technical means which are used by students to falsification of results of their education. The conclusion is drawn that this type of devices in the Russian market promptly extends and is in huge demand both with students and school pupils. Scientific novelty. The opinions of suppliers and sellers regarding technical characteristics, harm to health and availability of micro earphones to pupils are studied for the first time. The range of offers and price range of these gadgets are analysed. Practical significance. The present investigation can serve as informative basis while developing the recommendations and methods of fight against application of technical means for cheating using electronic technical means at various stages of control of knowledge. These measures are necessary for identification of actual, but not fictitious level of knowledge of pupils, and improvement of quality of education in higher education institutions and schools. Цель представленного в статье исследования – изучение ассортимента, технических характеристик, а также ценовых категорий микронаушников – приборов, предназначенных для упрощения учащимся сдачи экзаменов и искажающих таким образом показатели уровня знаний на контрольных мероприятиях. Методика исследования. В качестве основного метода в работе использовалось формализованное интервью – беседа по детально разработанной программе, включающей в себя последовательную конструкцию из семнадцати закрытых и открытых вопросов, а также варианты возможных ответов на них. Результаты исследования. С помощью средств мобильной связи были проинтервьюированы поставщики и продавцы микронаушников в сети Интернет. Кроме того, произведен анализ соответствующей информации, размещенной на форумах, в социальных сетях и пр. Статистический материал обработан, сведен в таблицы и наглядно отражен на диаграммах. Полученные данные позволяют оценить географию, спецификацию видов, техническое и ценовое разнообразие технических средств, применяющихся студентами для фальсификации результатов их обучения. Сделан вывод о том, что этот вид устройств на российском рынке стремительно распространяется и пользуется огромным спросом как у студентов, так и у школьников. Научная новизна. Впервые изучены мнения поставщиков и продавцов относительно технических характеристик, вреда здоровью и доступности микронаушников для учащихся. Проанализирован ассортимент предложений и ценовой диапазон данных гаджетов. Практическая значимость. Настоящее исследование может служить информативным базисом при разработке рекомендаций и методов борьбы со списыванием посредством электронных технических средств на различных этапах контроля знаний. Данные меры необходимы для выявления реального, а не фиктивного уровня знаний учащихся и повышения качества образования в вузах и школах.

Multi-split intra-articular fractures of the distal humeral metaepiphysis in children

Background: The need to minimize the immobilization of the elbow joint in multifragmental fractures of the distal metaepiphysis of the humerus is confirmed by a number of factors, including the complexity of its anatomical structure, the uniqueness of biomechanics, as well as the limited ability of hyaline cartilage to regenerate. The restoration of the motor potential of the limb in multifragmentary fractures of the distal metaepiphysis of the humerus determines the priority of the treatment technique, which allows the patient to return to his usual lifestyle in the near future.Objective: Demonstration of the effectiveness of percutaneous spinal osteosynthesis with wires in fractures of distal metaepiphysis of the humerus in adolescent children.Clinical cases: This paper describes two clinical cases in adolescent children with multifragmentary fractures (open and closed) of the distal part of humerus (12В and 13С according to the AO classification). In both cases, the treatment consisted of sequential application of skeletal traction, for fragments traction and their mobility increase, then closed reposition of fragments under the control of electron-optical converter with metal osteosynthesis with wires. Moreover, taking into consideration the U- and T-shape nature of the fractures, the first stage of reposition included stabilization and fixation of the distal fragments to each other and then to the proximal fragment.Conclusion: In our opinion, it is the combination of traditional methods of treatment (application of skeletal traction system), modern technologies (EOC control), alternative (atypical) options for using metal structures that allow achieving good functional treatment results in this category of patients

In Vivo Simulation of the Purulent Peritonitis

Currently, purulent-inflammatory diseases of the abdominal organs are the prevalent causes of complications and mortality. Treatment of these diseases complicated by peritonitis is one of the urgent problems in modern clinical medicine. Experiment is important for testing new treatment methods. This article provides a systematic analysis of the current in vivo models of the purulent peritonitis, which are used to test the options for surgical treatment and combinations of antibacterial drugs. We describe the most common models as well as rare simulations of specific peritonitis. It should be noted that despite the wide use of minimally invasive techniques, the literature has few reports on simulation of peritonitis through the laparoscopic approach

Отдаленные осложнения некротического энтероколита новорожденных: заворот стенозированного участка тонкой кишки

Neonatal necrotic enterocolitis (NEC) is a nonspecific inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with multifactorial pathogenesis, which development is explained as a result of hypoperfusion of the immature intestinal mucosa of a newborn who has undergone perinatal hypoxia and, as a result, a change in blood flow in the mesenteral vascular system. This disease more often affects the intestinal wall of premature babies. In typical cases, mucosal necrosis develops in the terminal iliac and right parts of the colon, and when the process progresses, it can spread to the entire thickness of the intestinal wall, causing its perforation, so peritonitis is a frequent complication of NEC. But in addition, distant complications of NEC are distinguished, which include the development of intestinal obstruction in view of a decrease in the contractility of the intestinal wall section due to its fibrosis and, as a result, narrowing of the lumen.We report the clinical case of surgical treatment of the twisting of stenosed portion of the ileum in a child who underwent NEC in the early neonatal period. A mother sought assistance with a child of 3 months at the Reginal Children’s Hospital (born at 28 weeks of gestation). After birth, there was a violation of the absorption of enteral nutrition (periodic posseting, bloating), blood in the stool was determined. On the 14th day of life a pediatric surgeon examined the baby: necrotizing enterocolitis II A. After stabilizing the condition (2 months), the child was transferred from the perinatal center to a pediatric hospital with a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a new form, a severe course, and a period of exacerbation. At the age of 2.5 months, he was discharged in a satisfactory condition to the outpatient stage. On the 15th day from the moment of discharge (3 months of life), the mother noted the expressed anxiety of the baby, bloating, stool retention. On the 16th day from the moment of discharge during feeding, the child began to suck sluggishly, did not absorb the age norm. He was examined by a pediatrician, the consultation of a pediatric surgeon was recommended. Due to the severity of the condition, the baby was hospitalized.In the initial examination, no data for intestinal obstruction were detected. The patient received parenteral nutrition, antibacterial therapy. Ultrasound and radiography of abdominal organs were performed daily. On the third day of observation, deterioration is noted (abdomen bloated mainly in the upper parts, soft upon with palpation, the baby was anxious, peristalsis was reduced), with ultrasound: between the loops of the enlarged intestine, an echogenic band of up to 18 mm (adhesion?) was determined, there was the liquid component between the loops. A laparotomy was performed, during the revision there was a displacement of the large intestine into the left parts of the abdominal cavity. Ten cm from the ileocecal angle, a section of the ileum with a length of up to 15 cm was found, which was like a “double trunk” wrapped at the base around its axis around a cord-like adhesive stretching to the posterior abdominal wall. Visually, the loop was dark bard in color, its walls were swollen, infiltrated, and their cartilaginous density was determined upon palpation in the contact area of the walls of the intestine. The resection of this loop was performed, end-to-end anastomosis was formed according to the method of J. Louw. After the operation, the baby received treatment in the intensive care unit, enteral feeding on day 5, on day 9, after expanding the volume of feeding, he was transferred to the department of pediatric surgery. Discharged in satisfactory condition on the 12th day after surgery.НЭК — это неспецифическое воспалительное заболевание неустановленной этиологии с мультифакторным патогенезом, развитие которого объясняется результатом гипоперфузии незрелой слизистой кишечника новорожденного, перенесшего перинатальную гипоксию и, как следствие, повлекшего за собой изменения кровотока в системе мезентеральных сосудов. Данное заболевание чаще поражает кишечную стенку недоношенных детей. В типичных случаях в терминальном отделе подвздошной и правых отделах толстой кишки развивается некроз слизистой оболочки, а при прогрессировании процесса может распространятся на всю толщу кишечной стенки, вызывая ее перфорацию, поэтому частым осложнением НЭК является перитонит. Но, помимо этого, выделяют отдаленные осложнения НЭК, к которым можно отнести развитие кишечной непроходимости из-за снижения сократительной способности участка кишечной стенки ввиду ее фиброза и, как следствие, сужение просвета. В нашей статье рассматривается клиническое наблюдение хирургического лечения заворота стенозированного участка подвздошной кишки у ребенка, перенесшего НЭК в раннем неонатальном периоде. В Областную детскую клиническую больницу обратилась мать с ребенком 3 месяцев (рожден на 28-й неделе гестации). После рождения отмечалось нарушение усвоения энтерального питания (периодические срыгивания, вздутие живота), определялась кровь в стуле. На 14-е сутки жизни консультирован детским хирургом: «Некротический энтероколит II А ст. Внутриутробные инфекции». По стабилизации состояния (2-й месяц жизни) ребенок был переведен из перинатального центра в педиатрический стационар с диагнозом: «Бронхолегочная дисплазия, новая форма, тяжелое течение, период обострения. Дыхательная недостаточность I–II». В возрасте 2,5 месяца жизни в удовлетворительном состоянии выписан на амбулаторный этап. На 15-е сутки с момента выписки (3-й месяц жизни) мама отмечает выраженное беспокойство ребенка, вздутие живота, задержку стула. На 16-е сутки с момента выписки при кормлении ребенок стал вяло сосать, не усваивал возрастную норму. Осмотрен педиатром, рекомендована консультация детского хирурга, по тяжести состояния ребенок госпитализирован в отделение анестезиологии и реанимации. При первичном обследовании данных по поводу кишечной непроходимоси не выявлено. Ребенок получал парентеральное питание, антибактериальную терапию. Ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ) и рентгенографию органов брюшной полости выполняли ежедневно. На 3-и сутки наблюдения отмечено ухудшение состояния (живот вздут преимущественно в верхних отделах, мягкий, при пальпации ребенок беспокоится, перистальтика снижена). При УЗИ: между петлями расширенной кишки определяется эхогенный тяж до 18 мм (спайка?), между петлями жидкостной компонент. Ребенку выполнена лапаротомия, при ревизии отмечено смещение толстой кишки в левые отделы брюшной полости. На 10 см от илеоцекального перехода обнаружен участок подвздошной кишки протяженностью до 15 см, представляющий собой «двустволку», завернутую у основания вокруг своей оси вокруг шнуровидной спайки, протянувшейся к задней брюшной стенке. Визуально петля темно-бордового цвета, стенки ее отечны, инфильтрированы, пальпаторно в зоне соприкосновения стенок кишки определяется их хрящевидная плотность. Выполнена резекция данной петли подвздошной кишки, сформирован тонкотонкокишечный анастомоз «конец-в-конец» по методике J. Louw. После операции ребенок получал лечение в отделении реанимации, энтеральное кормление – на 5-е сутки. На 9-е сутки после расширения объема кормления переведен в отделение детской хирургии. Выписан в удовлетворительном состоянии на 12-е сутки после операции

Dynamics of biochemical blood test after application of local hemostatic agents in vivo experiment

The purpose of the study is assessment of indicators of biochemical blood tests after applying a liver injury and the use of various application hemostatic materials in vivo experiment.Цель исследования – оценка показателей биохимического анализа крови после нанесения травмы печени и применения местных кровоостанавливающих средств в эксперименте in vivo

Complete Structural Model of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase from a Hybrid Approach

A combination of structural approaches yields a complete atomic model of the highly biochemically characterized Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, enabling fuller exploitation of E. coli as a model for understanding transcription

Нетипичная манифестация болезни Крона у девочкиподростка

Crohn’s disease (CD) is nonspecific granulomatous inflammatory disease of all layers of the intestinal wall, characterized by a variety of clinical forms, heterogeneity of age groups of children and extraintestinal manifestations.  The diagnosis of the disease is difficult due to the presence of many  symptoms specific to a number of other surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs. This diagnosis is often made intraoperatively. In this study we report a case of treatment of a teenage girl who was admitted with complaints of a mass in the right iliac region extruding above the skin surface, instability of body weight, an increase in body temperature to 37.2° C for one month. As a result of laboratory and instrumental examination, the etiology was not established. Laparoscopy revealed abdominal infiltrate, consisting of the cecum, the distal ileum and a part of the greater omentum, tightly fixed to the anterior abdominal wall, which led to the destruction ofthe peritoneum, muscle tissue and aponeurosis with further infiltration into the sub-cutaneous fat. Appendectomy and separation of the infiltrate were performed. After that, the girl was discharged due to the categorical refusal of the parents of the further treatment.Twelve days later the patient had abdominal pain again, the dynamics of the pain syndrome intensified, the body temperature was febrile. After examination and detection of signs of peritonitis, emergency laparotomy, subtotal resection of the greater omentum, separation of the abdominal infiltrate (repeated), sanitation and drainage of the abdominal cavity were performed. During the surgery, the access to the abdominal cavity was performed with technical difficulties due to the fact that a conglomerate of intestinal loops and omentum was fixed to the anterior abdominal wall from the interior. The conglomerate was separated from the anterior abdominal wall by blunt dissection. The size of the conglomerate was up to 12–15 cm, formed by the transverse colon, the ileum and the greater omentum. The walls of the transverse colon and ileum in the area of the conglomerate had the cartilaginous density. For the purpose of further examination and determination of tactics for further treatment, the child was transferred to the Gastroenterology Department with a diagnosis of “Terminal ileitis. Purulent omentitis. Serous peritonitis. Mild normochromic anemia of mixed origin. Crohn’s disease?” After the additional examination in a specialized hospital, the diagnosis of CD was confirmed.Неспецифическое гранулематозное воспалительное заболевание всех слоев стенки кишечника, которым является Болезнь Крона (БК), характеризуется многообразием клинических форм, неоднородностью возрастных групп больных детей и внекишечными проявлениями заболевания. Диагностика данного заболевания затруднена из-за наличия множества характерных для ряда других хирургических заболеваний органов брюшной полости симптомов. Зачастую данный диагноз выставляется интраоперационно. В нашей работе описан случай лечения девочки-подрост¬ка, поступившей с жалобами на наличие образования в проекции правой подвздошной ямки, выступающего над поверхностью кожи, нестабильность массы тела, повышение температуры тела до 37,2°С на протяжении одного месяца. В результате лабораторно-инструментального обследования этиология образования не была установлена. Выполнена лапароскопия, при которой обнаружен инфильтрат брюшной полости, состоящий из слепой кишки, дистального отдела подвздошной кишки и пряди большого сальника, плотно фиксированный к передней брюшной стенке, что повлекло деструкцию брюшины, мышечных тканей и апоневроза с дальнейшим прорастанием инфильтрата в подкожно-жировую клетчатку. Выполнена аппендэктомия, разделение инфильтрата. После чего девочка была выписана в связи с категорическим отказом родителей от дальнейшего лечения. Спустя 12 суток у пациентки вновь появились боли в животе, в динамике болевой синдром усилился, повысилась температура тела до фебрильных цифр. После обследования и выявления признаков перитонита в экстренном порядке выполнена лапаротомия, субтотальная резекция большого сальника, разделение инфильтрата брюшной полости (повторно), санация и дренирование брюшной полости. Во время оперативного вмешательства вход в брюшную полость выполнен с техническими сложностями в связи с тем, что изнутри к передней брюшной стенке был припаян конгломерат петель кишечника и сальника. Тупым путем конгломерат отделен от передней брюшной стенки. Размеры конгломерата до 12–15 см, образован поперечно-ободочной кишкой, подвздошной кишкой и большим сальником. Стенки поперечно-ободочной кишки и подвздошной кишки в зоне конгломерата хрящевидной плотности. С целью дальнейшего обследования и определения тактики дальнейшего лечения ребенок был переведен в отделение гастроэнтерологии с диагнозом: Терминальный илеит. Гнойный оментит. Серозный перитонит. Нормохромная анемия смешанного генеза легкой степени тяжести. Болезнь Крона? После дообследования в профильном стационаре диагноз БК был подтвержден

Transcriptional control in the prereplicative phase of T4 development

Control of transcription is crucial for correct gene expression and orderly development. For many years, bacteriophage T4 has provided a simple model system to investigate mechanisms that regulate this process. Development of T4 requires the transcription of early, middle and late RNAs. Because T4 does not encode its own RNA polymerase, it must redirect the polymerase of its host, E. coli, to the correct class of genes at the correct time. T4 accomplishes this through the action of phage-encoded factors. Here I review recent studies investigating the transcription of T4 prereplicative genes, which are expressed as early and middle transcripts. Early RNAs are generated immediately after infection from T4 promoters that contain excellent recognition sequences for host polymerase. Consequently, the early promoters compete extremely well with host promoters for the available polymerase. T4 early promoter activity is further enhanced by the action of the T4 Alt protein, a component of the phage head that is injected into E. coli along with the phage DNA. Alt modifies Arg265 on one of the two α subunits of RNA polymerase. Although work with host promoters predicts that this modification should decrease promoter activity, transcription from some T4 early promoters increases when RNA polymerase is modified by Alt. Transcription of T4 middle genes begins about 1 minute after infection and proceeds by two pathways: 1) extension of early transcripts into downstream middle genes and 2) activation of T4 middle promoters through a process called sigma appropriation. In this activation, the T4 co-activator AsiA binds to Region 4 of σ70, the specificity subunit of RNA polymerase. This binding dramatically remodels this portion of σ70, which then allows the T4 activator MotA to also interact with σ70. In addition, AsiA restructuring of σ70 prevents Region 4 from forming its normal contacts with the -35 region of promoter DNA, which in turn allows MotA to interact with its DNA binding site, a MotA box, centered at the -30 region of middle promoter DNA. T4 sigma appropriation reveals how a specific domain within RNA polymerase can be remolded and then exploited to alter promoter specificity

About problems of implementation of it-systems in practical health care

The article presents the background of healthcare system computerization development starting from the time when preconditions for IT systems implementation appeared up to the present moment. It outlines the problems that emerged in the course of implementing the projects aimed at computerizing the RF Healthcare System and providing a high-technology support for it; it features also the indicators related to financial investments into the healthcare information systems. Based on the reports of the authorized agencies the project implementation efficiency is analyzed and solution options for the existing problems are shown. The article reveals development prospects for IT implementation in healthcare.Objective. Study of IT systems development and incorporation into the practical healthcare structure of the Russian Federation based on the freely available data. Laws and regulations, including reports in healthcare, publications of Russian and foreign lead researchers in economics and medical administration, analytical reviews of consulting companies such as RBC, Price Waterhouse Coopers (London, UK), C-News Analytics (Russia, Moscow), and Vademecum business magazine (Russia, Moscow).Results. The healthcare computerization process in Russia is slower than it is set out in the Governmental plans. The most common and significant problems include the following: lack of funding for the computerization process in general; irrational distribution of resources within the projects and selection of a costly computerization strategy from the beginning; corrupt practices; conflicts between customers with the contractors because of which many projects were not implemented; management problems; a clash between the current legislation to modern technologies and trends, lack of efforts aimed at implementation of healthcare information systems on the part of the regional authorities.Conclusion. To make the healthcare computerization more successful it is required to awaken a commercial interest in the private IT companies to attract additional investment. Personal responsibility of the officials in charge of the computerization should become more stringent in case of a delay in a project or a project failure, the government procurement system should be improved in order to attract the most qualified integrators, the interaction between healthcare managers at various levels with the integrators should be facilitated through reducing bureaucratic «paper» load. At the state level it is necessary to focus on the operational improvement of the RF legislation to ensure the progressive development and implementation of information technologies