11,726 research outputs found
Light Cone analysis of relativistic first-order in the gradients hydrodynamics
This work applies a Rayleigh-Brillouin light spectrum analysis in order to
establish a causality test by means of a frequency cone. This technique allows
to identify forbidden and unforbidden regions in light scattering experiments
and establishes if a set of linearized transport equations admits causal
solutions. It is shown that, when studying a relativistic fluid with its
acoustic modes interacting with light, Eckart's formalism yields a non causal
behavior. In this case the solutions describing temperature, density and
pressure fluctuations are located outside the frequency cone. In contrast, the
set of equations that arises from modified Eckart's theory (based on
relativistic kinetic theory) yields solutions that lie within the cone, so that
they are causal.Comment: 6 pages, no figure
Effects of burying and removing dead leaves from the ground on the development of scab epidemics in an apple organic orchard.
Ascospores produced on scabbed leaves in the leaf litter constitute the primary
inoculum causing scab infections in apple orchards during the year. The trial, carried
out in a commercial organic orchard, permitted to evaluate the effects of the
removal of dead leaves located on the inter-row supplemented by the ploughing in of
the leaves left on the row, on the development of scab epidemics. From the first
recorded contamination to harvest time, lesions on leaves and fruits were counted to
determine reduction in disease incidence and severity, compared with the untreated
plots. Disease severity as a function of the distance from the untreated plot was also
observed, to evaluate the spore dispersal gradient within the orchard. The results
show that the ploughing in and the removal of the litter reduced disease incidence by
62% on leaves, and by almost 82% on fruits to harvest. Moreover, measurements of
the dispersal gradient show that the spores do not disperse, or little, beyond 20m of
the untreated zone
Study of the heating effect contribution to the nonlinear dielectric response of a supercooled liquid
We present a detailed study of the heating effects in dielectric measurements
carried out on a liquid. Such effects come from the dissipation of the electric
power in the liquid and give a contribution to the nonlinear third harmonics
susceptibility chi_3 which depends on the frequency and temperature. This study
is used to evaluate a possible `spurious' contribution to the recently measured
nonlinear susceptibility of an archetypical glassforming liquid (Glycerol).
Those measurements have been shown to give a direct evaluation of the number of
dynamically correlated molecules temperature dependence close to the glass
transition temperature T_g~190K (Crauste-Thibierge et al., Phys. Rev. Lett
104,165703(2010)). We show that the heating contribution is totally negligible
(i) below 204K at any frequency; (ii) for any temperature at the frequency
where the third harmonics response chi_3 is maximum. Besides, this heating
contribution does not scale as a function of f/f_{\alpha}, with f_{\alpha}(T)
the relaxation frequency of the liquid. In the high frequency range, when
f/f_{\alpha} >= 1, we find that the heating contribution is damped because the
dipoles cannot follow instantaneously the temperature modulation due to the
heating phenomenon. An estimate of the magnitude of this damping is given.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in Journal of Chemical
Physic
Practical quantum realization of the ampere from the electron charge
One major change of the future revision of the International System of Units
(SI) is a new definition of the ampere based on the elementary charge \emph{e}.
Replacing the former definition based on Amp\`ere's force law will allow one to
fully benefit from quantum physics to realize the ampere. However, a quantum
realization of the ampere from \emph{e}, accurate to within in
relative value and fulfilling traceability needs, is still missing despite many
efforts have been spent for the development of single-electron tunneling
devices. Starting again with Ohm's law, applied here in a quantum circuit
combining the quantum Hall resistance and Josephson voltage standards with a
superconducting cryogenic amplifier, we report on a practical and universal
programmable quantum current generator. We demonstrate that currents generated
in the milliampere range are quantized in terms of
( is the Josephson frequency) with a measurement uncertainty of
. This new quantum current source, able to deliver such accurate
currents down to the microampere range, can greatly improve the current
measurement traceability, as demonstrated with the calibrations of digital
ammeters. Beyond, it opens the way to further developments in metrology and in
fundamental physics, such as a quantum multimeter or new accurate comparisons
to single electron pumps.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
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