In Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Anti Mastitis Bacterial Activity of Diet Containing Betel Leaf Meal (Piper Betle L.)

The aims of this experiment was to study the inhibition effect of betel leaf meal (BLM) addition into concentrate diet on mastitis causing bacteria and on rumen fermentation condition. The study consisted of five dietary treatments of BLM level in concentrate feed, i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% and four replicates of each treatment. The treatment diets together with napier grass in ratio of 40 : 60 were fermented using rumen liquor. All treatments were examined their antibacterial activity before and after fermentation. After four hours fermentation, supernatant of each samples were analyzed for VFA, NH3, number of bacteria and protozoa. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were analyzed after 48 h fermentation. The results showed that before fermentation, 8% BLM addition caused the bigest (P<0.05) inhibition diameter of Staphylococcus spp. growth compared to other lower levels. However after fermentation there were no significant differences among the addition levels of BLM. Two per cent of BLM addition produced higher VFA (P<0.05) than the other addition levels. Ammoniaconcentration, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were not different among the treatments. Addition of BLM significantly (P<0.01) decreased protozoa number, but did not affect bacterial count. It is concluded that the addition of 2% BLM in concentrate feed can be used effectively to inhibit the growth of mastitis causing bacteria (Staphylococcus spp.) and does not disturb rumen fermentation condition

An Empirical Biomarker-based Calculator for Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease - The Nieto-Narayan Formula

Autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is associated with progressive enlargement of the kidneys fuelled by the formation and expansion of fluid-filled cysts. The disease is congenital and children that do not succumb to it during the neonatal period will, by age 10 years, more often than not, require nephrectomy+renal replacement therapy for management of both pain and renal insufficiency. Since increasing cystic index (CI; percent of kidney occupied by cysts) drives both renal expansion and organ dysfunction, management of these patients, including decisions such as elective nephrectomy and prioritization on the transplant waitlist, could clearly benefit from serial determination of CI. So also, clinical trials in ARPKD evaluating the efficacy of novel drug candidates could benefit from serial determination of CI. Although ultrasound is currently the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis of ARPKD, its utilization for assessing disease progression is highly limited. Magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, although more reliable for determination of CI, are expensive, time-consuming and somewhat impractical in the pediatric population. Using a well-established mammalian model of ARPKD, we undertook a big data-like analysis of minimally- or non-invasive serum and urine biomarkers of renal injury/dysfunction to derive a family of equations for estimating CI. We then applied a signal averaging protocol to distill these equations to a single empirical formula for calculation of CI. Such a formula will eventually find use in identifying and monitoring patients at high risk for progressing to end-stage renal disease and aid in the conduct of clinical trials.Comment: 3 tables and 8 figure

Kemampuan Menyusun Kalimat Menjadi Paragraf Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri2 Lampaseh Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Penelitian ini berjudul “Kemampuan Menyusun Kalimat menjadi Paragraf Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri 2 Lampaseh.Penelitian ini berupaya mengukur tingkat kemampuan menyusun kalimat menjadi paragraf siswa kelas V SD Negeri 2 Lampaseh. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsiskan kemampuan menyusun kalimat menjadi paragraf siswa kelas V SD Negeri 2 Lampaseh. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitiannya yaitu deskriptif.Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes menyusun urutan kalimat acak menjadi sebuah paragraf. Tes yang diberikan berupa kalimat-kalimat acak yang berjumlah 10 soal, yang setiap soalnya berisikan 4-5 kalimat yang akan diurutkan menjadi sebuah paragraf. Adapun subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V SD Negeri 2 Lampaseh yang berjumlah 20 siswa.Data diolah dengan menggunakan rumus persentase.Rumus tersebut digunakan untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa kelas V dalam menyusun kalimat menjadi paragraf.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemampuan siswa dalam menyusun kalimat menjadi paragraf berada dalam kategori baik dengan nilai rata-rata keseluruhan siswa dalam menyusun kalimat menjadi paragraf adalah 69.5. Maka dari data yang diolah, terdapat 5 siswa yang mendapatkan skor pada kategori baik sekali dengan nilai (80-100) dengan persentase 25%. Adapun siswa yang memperoleh skor pada katerogi baik dengan nilai (66-79) sebanyak 6 siswa dengan persentase 30%, siswa yang mendapatkan skor pada kategori cukup dengan nilai (56-65) sebanyak 6 siswa dengan persentase 30%, dan siswa yang mendapatkan skor kategori kurang dengan nilai (40-55) sebanyak 3 siswa dengan persentase 15%.Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa siswa kelas V SD Negeri 2 Lampaseh mempunyai kemampuan untuk menyusun kalimat menjadi paragraf sesuai dengan yang diharapkan

Karakteristik Keramik Mgal2o4 Untuk Bahan Bakar Nuklir Matriks Inert (Imf) Yang Dibuat Dari Serbuk Hasil Hem Pada Suhu Sinter 1500oc

Terdapatkecenderungan bahwa di masa depan plutonium dan aktinida lain yang berumur panjangsebagai hasil samping PLTN akan menimbulkan masalah. Untuk mengatasi hal ini diperlukanbahan bakar reaktor daya yang lebih efisien. Salah satunya adalah bahan bakar matriks inert(IMF). Bahan bakar ini terdiri dari keramik yang inert (terhadap neutron) sebagai matriks danbahan fisil seperti uranium dioksida yang terdispersi atau larut padat di dalam matriks sebagaibahan bakarnya. Salah satu karakteristik yang diperlukan dari keramik matriks inert adalahrapat massa yang tinggi. Serbuk Al2O3 dan MgO dengan komposisi 50-50, 45-55 dan 55-45dalam % mol digerus dengan alat gerus listrik selama 1 Jam dan ball mill (HEM, high energymilling) selama 50 Jam. Serbuk hasil gerus dipres dengan tekanan 4 ton/cm2. Pelet hasil pres(mentah) kemudian disinter pada suhu 1500oC selama 2 Jam. Rapat masa pelet mentah dansinter ditentukan melalui penimbangan dan pengukuran dimensi. Pelet sinter selanjutnyadianalisis dengan difraksi sinar-x (XRD) dan mikroskop elektron (SEM). Hasil XRDmemperlihatkan bahwa semua keramik yang dibuat mempunyai struktur kristal kubik spinel.Keramik dengan komposisi 50-50 hasil HEM dapat disintesis dengan baik pada suhu 1500oCtetapi keramik yang sama dari serbuk awal tidak dapat disintesis dengan baik. Rapat massakeramik komposisi 45-55 dan 55-45 lebih rendah dari pada rapat massa keramik komposisi 50-50 karena ternyata kelebihan MgO dan Al2O3 tidak membentuk larutan padat spinel. Padasemua keramik fase kedua teramati. Meskipun serbuk hasil HEM lebih reaktif dari pada serbukawal, namun untuk mendapatkan rapat massa yang lebih tinggi waktu HEM perlu ditambah

Pengaruh Latihan Relaksasi Otot Progresif Terhadap Kualitas Tidur Lansia

Older people are the group of people who often experience the decreasing of quality of sleep. Few studies showed the benefit of progressive muscle relaxation exercise to give comfort that is needed to reduce the cause of sleep disturbance. This study aimed to examine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercise towards older people's quality of sleep. The research design is quasi experimental using pretest-posttest control group design. The sample were recruited using purposive sampling. The total sample were 51 participant which consist of 26 participants in intervention group and 25 participants in control group. Intervention group were conducted progressive muscle relaxation exercise for four weeks. The quality of sleep were measured before and after the exercise using PSQI instrument. The measurements were conducted four times, which were before intervention (pretest), two weeks after intervention (posttest 1), three weeks after intervention (posttest 2), and four weeks after intervention (posttest 3). The data were analyzed using t-test and Repeated ANOVA. The paired t-test for intervention group showed that the score of counted t > table t, with p = 0.000. In the control group, the results showed that counted t 0.005. The repeated ANOVA showed that counted F (71.415) > table F (3.89) with p= 0.000. Independent t-test showed that scores of pretest, posttest 1, posttest 2 and posttest 3 were different significantly between intervention and control groups with p<0.05. The average PSQI scores in intervention group showed a tendency of decreasing after progressive muscle relaxation exercise, while in the control group there was no significant changes in the scores. This is because the progressive muscle relaxation exercise is benefit to give calming, comforting and relaxing responses. The implication of this study is that progressive muscle relaxation exercise can significantly improve the quality of sleep of older people so that this exercise can be considered as a complementary therapy for management of sleep disturbance among older people as an independent nursing care

Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment for Precise Measurements of Mixing Parameters and CP Violating Effects

We analyze the prospects of a feasible, Brookhaven National Laboratory based, very long baseline (BVLB) neutrino oscillation experiment consisting of a conventional horn produced low energy wide band beam and a detector of 500 kT fiducial mass with modest requirements on event recognition and resolution. Such an experiment is intended primarily to determine CP violating effects in the neutrino sector for 3-generation mixing. We analyze the sensitivity of such an experiment. We conclude that this experiment will allow determination of the CP phase $\delta_{CP}$ and the currently unknown mixing parameter $\theta_{13}$, if $\sin ^2 2 \theta_{13} \geq 0.01$, a value $\sim 15$ times lower than the present experimental upper limit. In addition to $\theta_{13}$ and $\delta_{CP}$, the experiment has great potential for precise measurements of most other parameters in the neutrino mixing matrix including $\Delta m^2_{32}$, $\sin^2 2\theta_{23}$, $\Delta m^2_{21}\times \sin 2 \theta_{12}$, and the mass ordering of neutrinos through the observation of the matter effect in the $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ appearance channel.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure