Pulse phase and precession phase resolved spectroscopy of Her X-1: studying a representative Main-On with RXTE

We performed a detailed pulse phase resolved spectroscopy of the accreting binary X-ray pulsar Her X-1 in the energy range 3.5-75 keV and have established pulse phase profiles for all spectral parameters. For the centroid of the cyclotron line, the photon index and the flux of the 6.4 keV iron line, we have studied the variation as a function of 35 d phase. We analyzed RXTE observations of the Main-On of November 2002. Four different time intervals of about 1 d duration were selected to provide a good coverage of a complete Main-On. The intervals are centered at 35 d phase 0.03, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20, respectively. All spectral parameters show a strong modulation with pulse phase. While the centroid energy of the cyclotron line follows roughly the shape of the pulse profile, both the photon index and the iron line intensity exhibit distinct minima around the peak of the X-ray pulse. With respect to variations of the observed profiles with 35 d phase, we find that there is a clear evolution of the shape of the pulse profiles (flux versus pulse phase), a moderate increase of the maximum cyclotron line energy (found around pulse phase 0.7), but no significant evolution of the shape of the pulse phase profiles of the cyclotron line energy, the spectral power law index or the iron line intensity. The variation of spectral parameters as a function of the pulse phase provides important information about the system: 1. the disappearance of the Fe line flux near the highest continuum flux may be an indication of a hollow cone geometry of the accretion structure; ii. the apparent non-dependence of the cyclotron line energy profiles on 35 d phase provides a new possibility to test the model of free precession of the neutron star, proposed to be responsible for the systematic variations in the pulse profiles.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, Accepted by A&A on the 22/12/201

Long-distance radiative coupling between quantum dots in photonic crystal dimers

We study the mutual interaction between two identical quantum dots coupled to the normal modes of two-site photonic crystal molecules in a planar waveguide geometry, i.e. photonic crystal dimers. We find that the radiative coupling between the two quantum emitters is maximized when they are in resonance with either the bonding or the antibonding modes of the coupled cavity system. Moreover, we find that such effective interdot coupling is sizable, in the meV range, and almost independent from the cavities distance, as long as a normal mode splitting exceeding the radiative linewidth can be established (strong cavity-cavity coupling condition). In realistic and high quality factor photonic crystal cavity devices, such distance can largely exceed the emission wavelength, which is promising for long distance entanglement generation between two qubits in an integrated nanophotonic platform. We show that these results are robust against position disorder of the two quantum emitters within their respective cavities.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Steady-state entanglement between distant quantum dots in photonic crystal dimers

We show that two spatially separated semiconductor quantum dots under resonant and continuous-wave excitation can be strongly entangled in the steady-state, thanks to their radiative coupling by mutual interaction through the normal modes of a photonic crystal dimer. We employ a quantum master equation formalism to quantify the steady-state entanglement by calculating the system {\it negativity}. Calculations are specified to consider realistic semiconductor nanostructure parameters for the photonic crystal dimer-quantum dots coupled system, determined by a guided mode expansion solution of Maxwell equations. Negativity values of the order of 0.1 ($20\%$ of the maximum value) are shown for interdot distances that are larger than the resonant wavelength of the system. It is shown that the amount of entanglement is almost independent of the interdot distance, as long as the normal mode splitting of the photonic dimer is larger than their linewidths, which becomes the only requirement to achieve a local and individual qubit addressing. Considering inhomogeneously broadened quantum dots, we find that the steady-state entanglement is preserved as long as the detuning between the two quantum dot resonances is small when compared to their decay rates. The steady-state entanglement is shown to be robust against the effects of pure dephasing of the quantum dot transitions. We finally study the entanglement dynamics for a configuration in which one of the two quantum dots is initially excited and find that the transient negativity can be enhanced by more than a factor of two with respect to the steady-state value. These results are promising for practical applications of entangled states at short time scales.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure

Variable pulse profiles of Her X-1 repeating with the same irregular 35d clock as the turn-ons

The accreting X-ray pulsar Her X-1 shows two types of long-term variations, both with periods of ~35 days: 1) Turn-on cycles, a modulation of the flux}, with a ten-day long Main-On and a five-day long Short-On, separated by two Off-states, and 2) a systematic variation in the shape of the 1.24 s pulse profile. While there is general consensus that the flux modulation is due to variable shading of the X-ray emitting regions on the surface of the neutron star by the precessing accretion disk, the physical reason for the variation in the pulse profiles has remained controversial. Following the suggestion that free precession of the neutron star may be responsible for the variation in the pulse profiles, we developed a physical model of strong feedback interaction between the neutron star and the accretion disk in order to explain the seemingly identical values for the periods of the two types of variations, which were found to be in basic synchronization. In a deep analysis of pulse profiles observed by several different satellites over the last three decades we now find that the clock behind the pulse profile variations shows exactly the same erratic behavior as the turn-on clock, even on short time scales (a few 35 d cycles), suggesting that there may in fact be only one 35 d clock in the system. If this is true, it raises serious questions with respect to the idea of free precession of the neutron star, namely how the neutron star can change its precessional period every few years by up to 2.5% and how the feedback can be so strong, such that these changes can be transmitted to the accretion disk on rather short time scales.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1110.671

Post Quantum Cryptography from Mutant Prime Knots

By resorting to basic features of topological knot theory we propose a (classical) cryptographic protocol based on the `difficulty' of decomposing complex knots generated as connected sums of prime knots and their mutants. The scheme combines an asymmetric public key protocol with symmetric private ones and is intrinsecally secure against quantum eavesdropper attacks.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure