An integer factorization algorithm which uses diffusion as a computational engine

In this article we develop an algorithm which computes a divisor of an integer $N$, which is assumed to be neither prime nor the power of a prime. The algorithm uses discrete time heat diffusion on a finite graph. If $N$ has $m$ distinct prime factors, then the probability that our algorithm runs successfully is at least $p(m) = 1-(m+1)/2^{m}$. We compute the computational complexity of the algorithm in terms of classical, or digital, steps and in terms of diffusion steps, which is a concept that we define here. As we will discuss below, we assert that a diffusion step can and should be considered as being comparable to a quantum step for an algorithm which runs on a quantum computer. With this, we prove that our factorization algorithm uses at most $O((\log N)^{2})$ deterministic steps and at most $O((\log N)^{2})$ diffusion steps with an implied constant which is effective. By comparison, Shor's algorithm is known to use at most $O((\log N)^{2}\log (\log N) \log (\log \log N))$ quantum steps on a quantum computer. As an example of our algorithm, we simulate the diffusion computer algorithm on a desktop computer and obtain factorizations of $N=33$ and $N=1363$.Comment: 30 pages, 2 figure

Quantitative analysis and detection of chaptalization and watering down of wine using isotope ratio mass spectrometry

In early 1990's European Union has established new isotopic approach for detection of wine authenticity. In this article we setup the possibility of using new approach using new EIM - Module - IRMS (Ethanol Isotope Measurement - Module - Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) instrumental technique and new analytical parameter delta D-n(delta H-2(n)) wine ethanol value, which represents delta H-2 value of non-exchangeable hydrogen stable isotope ratio in ethanol, with other isotopic species (delta O-18 values in wine water) to improve detection of illegal wine production practices such as addition of sugar and/or dilution with water. Total of 42 wine samples were analyzed. 10 wine samples (out of 42) were prepared from grapes by alcoholic fermentation and analyzed for delta D-n values of ethanol. 19 wine samples (out of 42) were collected from wine producers in Serbia plus 1 wine samples designated from United States was taken from Serbian market and analyzed for delta D-n values of ethanol, delta O-18 values in wine water and also delta C-13 values in wine ethanol. Furthermore 9 wine samples (out of 42) were taken from Hungarian market and analyzed for delta D-n values of ethanol, and also 3 wine samples (out of 42) were taken from Austrian market and analyzed for delta D-n values of ethanol. All experiments were done in 4 isotope laboratories located in US, Austria, Hungary and People's Republic of China. delta D-n values of ethanol were measured by using EIM Module connected to FlashHT 2000 pyrolizer (one laboratory - Imprint Analytics GmbH, Austria), while in other 3 laboratories (US - COIL - Cornell University, Stable Isotope Laboratory, Hungary - Isotoptech Ltd, Debrecen, Hungary and China - C.N.R.I.F.F.I. - China National Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Limited) EIM Module was connected to TC/EA (High Temperature Conversion Elemental Analyzer). Peripherals in all laboratories were further interfaced with isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Furthermore delta O-18 values in wine water were measured by using Gas Bench II interfaced also with isotope ratio mass spectrometer (one laboratory - US). Obtained results from all 4 laboratories have shown that this new approach which uses delta D-n in wine ethanol is more effective in improving detection of illegal wine production practices (sugar enrichment and water dilution) and origin of ethanol, and also detecting the addition of corn or beet sugar, sugar syrup to wine, or dilution of grape must with water prior to alcoholic fermentation

Strokes in young adults: epidemiology and prevention

Dževdet Smajlović Department of Neurology, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, School of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Strokes in young adults are reported as being uncommon, comprising 10%–15% of all stroke patients. However, compared with stroke in older adults, stroke in the young has a disproportionately large economic impact by leaving victims disabled before their most productive years. Recent publications report an increased incidence of stroke in young adults. This is important given the fact that younger stroke patients have a clearly increased risk of death compared with the general population. The prevalence of standard modifiable vascular risk factors in young stroke patients is different from that in older patients. Modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as dyslipidemia, smoking, and hypertension, are highly prevalent in the young stroke population, with no significant difference in geographic, climatic, nutritional, lifestyle, or genetic diversity. The list of potential stroke etiologies among young adults is extensive. Strokes of undetermined and of other determined etiology are the most common types among young patients according to TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) criteria. Prevention is the primary treatment strategy aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality related to stroke. Therefore, primary prevention is very important with regard to stroke in young adults, and aggressive treatment of risk factors for stroke, such as hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia, is essential. The best form of secondary stroke prevention is directed toward stroke etiology as well as treatment of additional risk factors. However, there is a lack of specific recommendations and guidelines for stroke management in young adults. In conclusion, strokes in young adults are a major public health problem and further research, with standardized methodology, is needed in order to give us more precise epidemiologic data. Given the increasing incidence of stroke in the young, there is an objective need for more research in order to reduce this burden. Keywords: cerebrovascular diseases, age, incidence, risk factors, etiology, managemen