Formulation and Evaluation of Anticholinesterase Drug Neostigmine Methylsulfate Injection

The main objective of the study was to formulate a safe and stable injection for rapid therapeutic action. The Neostigmine methylsulfate is the drug substance which is used to prevent destruction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase within the nervous system. Neostigmine methylsulfate cannot be given as oral dosage form due to its quaternary amine structure. The dose of oral dosage form of Neostigmine methylsulfate exceeds 10 times greater than parenteral dosage form. To overcome this problem a safe and stable formulation of Neostigmine methylsulfate injection was prepared and evaluated. Drug, Phenol and sodium acetate, order of mixing was determined in pre-formulation development. D value ensures moist-heat sterilization method is suitable for the injection. The Process compatibility study reveals that injection potency and purity did not affected when exposed to stainless steel and process tubing. The filter compatibility study demonstrates that the Neostigmine methylsulfate injection passes through filter without having drug loss due to binding of the drug to the membrane. Stability study of developed formulation conducted at Nitrogen purged environment, different pH, and various temperatures are tested over time for the amount of drug, Phenol, impurities, and particulate matter clearly indicated the drug product was stable. Neostigmine methylsulfate injection passes the entire quality control release test and there were no mechanical issues during the process. Thus, the product can be manufactured at a large scale

EVALUATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC FARMING TO CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU

This study titled “Evaluating the Contribution of Organic Farming to Climate Resilience in Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu” investigates how organic farming practices strengthen agricultural resilience against climate-related stresses. The objective was to examine the role of organic methods in improving soil health, enhancing water management, and increasing farmers’ adaptive capacity. Guided by the research question, “How do organic farming practices contribute to climate resilience among farmers in Nagapattinam district?” the study employed a mixed-method approach combining quantitative surveys, laboratory soil and water analysis, and qualitative interviews with 200 farmers selected through stratified random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analyses, were applied to evaluate relationships between organic practices and resilience indicators. The results revealed that organic farming significantly improved soil fertility (r = 0.62), water-use efficiency (r = 0.68), and adaptive capacity (R² = 0.61). The findings validated all four hypotheses, confirming that higher levels of organic adoption lead to enhanced climate resilience. Policy suggestions emphasize institutional support, financial incentives, and stronger market linkages for promoting organic agriculture. The study concludes that organic farming offers an effective, sustainable, and locally adaptable solution to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change while ensuring long-term livelihood security for coastal farmers in Tamil Nadu

AI Enabled-6G: Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Integration of 6G Wireless Communications

The research in wireless communication is rapidly shifting to the next generation mobile system, 6G. Fifth-generation mobile network standards are now in use. However, there are still some user criteria that are expected to be satisfied in the sixth-generation communication network. 6G is estimated to enable the unprecedented intelligence Internet of Things with extremely varied stimulating necessities. Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) is considered as a novel paradigm for the designing and optimizing intelligent 6G architectures, standards and functions. By 2030, all of the people would be using 6G. In this paper, we investigate 6G trends, requirements, challenges & potential solutions and how AI-enabled technique can integrate 6G communications. The analysis section provides the need and how AI-empowered technique efficiently and effectively enhances the performance of network. The 6G networks based on intelligent AI architecture used to understand automatic network adjustment, knowledge discovery, intelligent service provisioning, and smart resource management

αA-crystallin R49Cneo mutation influences the architecture of lens fiber cell membranes and causes posterior and nuclear cataracts in mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>αA-crystallin (CRYAA/HSPB4), a major component of all vertebrate eye lenses, is a small heat shock protein responsible for maintaining lens transparency. The R49C mutation in the αA-crystallin protein is linked with non-syndromic, hereditary human cataracts in a four-generation Caucasian family.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study describes a mouse cataract model generated by insertion of a neomycin-resistant (neo^r) gene into an intron of the gene encoding mutant R49C αA-crystallin. Mice carrying the neo^rgene and wild-type <it>Cryaa </it>were also generated as controls. Heterozygous knock-in mice containing one wild type gene and one mutated gene for αA-crystallin (WT/R49C^neo) and homozygous knock-in mice containing two mutated genes (R49C^neo/R49C^neo) were compared.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By 3 weeks, WT/R49C^neomice exhibited large vacuoles in the cortical region 100 μm from the lens surface, and by 3 months posterior and nuclear cataracts had developed. WT/R49C^neomice demonstrated severe posterior cataracts at 9 months of age, with considerable posterior nuclear migration evident in histological sections. R49C^neo/R49C^neomice demonstrated nearly complete lens opacities by 5 months of age. In contrast, R49C mice in which the neo^rgene was deleted by breeding with CreEIIa mice developed lens abnormalities at birth, suggesting that the neo^rgene may suppress expression of mutant R49C αA-crystallin protein.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It is apparent that modification of membrane and cell-cell interactions occurs in the presence of the αA-crystallin mutation and rapidly leads to lens cell pathology <it>in vivo</it>.</p