Reconstitution de gestes funéraires

Lors de fouilles archéologiques de sépultures, il est rare de retrouver les restes d’un linceul, surtout sous un climat tempéré. En revanche, le climat très sec de Nubie explique la conservation exceptionnelle de la matière organique (peau, cheveux, muscle, fécès…) sur l’ensemble des nécropoles de l’île de Saï. Dans une tombe probablement de l’époque chrétienne (postérieure à la culture ballanéenne – appelée aussi Groupe X – et antérieure à la conquête ottomane) de la grande nécropole nord (SN), la fouille a mis au jour un jeune sujet entièrement enveloppé d’un linceul. Cela nous a permis de reconstituer une partie des gestes qui ont accompagné l’inhumation de cet enfant. À la suite de cette étude, nous pouvons avancer l’hypothèse que le linceul a été conçu pour faciliter une position spécifique du corps lors de son dépôt dans la tombe. Il avait donc une grande importance en ce qui concerne la position finale du cadavre.In a temperate environment, during the excavation of burials, it is very rare to find the remains of shroud pieces. At the opposite, the very dry climate of the Middle Nubia can explain by itself the exceptional conservation of soft parts of the human body (hair, nails, brain, muscular fibres, human coprolithes) as it is frequently found at the North necropolis (SN) of the Saï island (Northern Province, Sudan). In a post X-group and ante-Muslim burial (T. 176), the excavation has allowed the discovery of a very young individual still wrapped in a shroud. It has been possible to reconstruct the shape of the shroud, the way in which it was wrapped and fixed around the body. This has allowed us to present the hypothesis that the shape of the shroud and the way to attach it have had a voluntary influence in the final position of the child in the pit, i. e. a dorsal decubitus of the body with the head hyper-flexed on the top of the trunk. Then, even if one side of the tissue of the shroud has been tear without care, its final shape is voluntary and implies a well defined funeral practice for such a child. In a Nubian archaeological context, such a practice is described for the first time —for the post X Group period in Sudan— at the Saï Island. Moreover, the limited extension of the excavated archaeological surface of this necropolis has allowed the discovery of other individuals (adults, juveniles) with important and also well preserved pieces of tissues or shrouds. Then, the taphonomical as well as the paleobiological potentialities of this necropolis seem to be very important

Neolithic nomads at El Multaga, Upper Nubia, Sudan

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A late Neandertal femur from Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve, France

In 2002, a Neandertal partial femoral diaphysis was discovered at Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve (Vienne, France). Radiocarbon dated to ≈40,700 (14)C years before present, this specimen is one of the most recent Middle Paleolithic Neandertals. The diaphysis derives from an archeological level indicating alternating human and carnivore (mostly hyena) occupation of the cave, reinforcing the close proximity and probable competition of Middle Paleolithic humans with large carnivores for resources and space. Morphological aspects of the diaphysis and ancient DNA extracted from it indicate that it is aligned with the Neandertals and is distinct from early modern humans. However, its midshaft cortical bone distribution places it between other Middle Paleolithic Neandertals and the Châtelperronian Neandertal from La Roche-à-Pierrot, supporting a pattern of changing mobility patterns among late Middle Paleolithic Neandertals on the eve of modern human dispersals into Europe