Population trends of breeding waterbirds on fishponds in south-eastern Poland during 30 years

The abundance of breeding waterbirds species on fishponds was analysed between 1985 and 2014 in south-eastern Poland. Significant decreasing trends were observed for P. grisegena, F. atra, A. ferina, A. fuligula and P. nigricollis. However, C. alar, A. anser, M. strepera, A. platyrhynchos, T. ruficollis and P. cristatus showed increasing trends. Although the studies were carried out on a regional microscale, the results for some species were convergent with European and national trends.Marek Nieoczym - Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, University of Life SciencesK. Antoń - Lublin Ornithological SocietyŁukasz Bednarz - Lublin Ornithological SocietyZbigniew Jaszcz - Lublin Ornithological SocietyJerzy Michalczuk - Department of Agrobiology and Environmental Protection, University of RzeszówD. Piechota - Lublin Ornithological SocietyPrzemysław Stachyra - Lublin Ornithological Society; Roztocze National ParkPaweł Szewczyk - Lublin Ornithological SocietyBirdLife International. 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Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, enhances the antidepressant activity of amitriptyline but not desipramine, in the forced swim test in mice

The cholinergic theory of depression highlights the involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the neurobiology of mood disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor which exhibits cholinomimetic properties, alone and in combination with scopolamine in the forced swim test in mice. Moreover, we assessed the ability of sildenafil to modify the antidepressant activity of two tricyclic antidepressants with distinct cholinolytic activity, amitriptyline and desipramine. Swim sessions were conducted by placing mice in glass cylinders filled with water for 6 min and the duration of behavioral immobility during the last 4 min of the test was evaluated. Locomotor activity was measured with photoresistor actimeters. To evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between amitriptyline and sildenafil, brain and serum concentrations of amitriptyline were determined by HPLC. Sildenafil (1.25–20 mg/kg) as well as scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) and its combination with sildenafil (1.25 mg/kg) did not affect the total immobility time duration. However, joint administration of scopolamine with sildenafil at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg significantly reduced immobility time as compared to control group. Moreover, co-administration of scopolamine with sildenafil at the highest dose (5 mg/kg) significantly decreased immobility time as compared to scopolamine-treated group. Sildenafil (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the antidepressant activity of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg). No changes in anti-immobility action of desipramine (20 mg/kg) in combination with sildenafil (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) were observed. Sildenafil did not affect amitriptyline level in both brain and serum. In conclusion, the present study suggests that sildenafil may enhance the activity of antidepressant drugs which exhibit cholinolytic activity

Study of operating parameters of a plate conveyor used in the food industry

Abstract Internal transport (means of continuous transport) is an inseparable element of technological processes in the food industry. The selection of appropriate parameters of the transport equipment depends on the product being manufactured, its design features, packaging and transport conditions. The paper presents the characteristics of a plate conveyor, selection of operating parameters in the juice transport process in a glass bottle. The paper presents selected test results depending on the linear speed of the plate conveyor, the angle of inclination of the load mass transport module and the position of the gravity centre. The work defined the linear speed ranges of the conveyor and the angle of inclination of the conveyor transporting module for transported glass bottles filled with juice.</jats:p