Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies

International audienceAbstractGastrointestinal disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most important diseases of young ruminant livestock, particularly neonatal calves. Infected animals may suffer from profuse watery diarrhoea, dehydration and in severe cases death can occur. At present, effective therapeutic and preventative measures are not available and a better understanding of the host–pathogen interactions is required. Cryptosporidium parvum is also an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe disease in people, with young children being particularly vulnerable. Our knowledge of the immune responses induced by Cryptosporidium parasites in clinically relevant hosts is very limited. This review discusses the impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis and describes how a thorough understanding of the host–pathogen interactions may help to identify novel prevention and control strategies

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves in France

International audienc

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves in France

International audienc

Mechanistic Investigation of ε-Thiono-Caprolactone Radical Polymerization: An Interesting Tool to Insert Weak Bonds into Poly(vinyl esters)

International audienceThe incorporation of heteroatoms into the backbone of commodity polymers prepared by radical polymerization is an elegant way to confer (bio)degradability to such materials. This could be achieved via the radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic monomers. Thionolactones were recently identified as promising comonomers for rROP but only reacting with activated monomers such as acrylate and acrylamide derivatives. Herein, we describe two thionolactone monomers, oxepane-2-thione i.e. εthiono-caprolactone (thCL) and 7-butyloxepane-2-thione, i.e ε-thiono-decalactone (thDL) capable of performing radical ringopening polymerization with less activated monomers such as vinyl acetate (VAc) to produce readily degradable copolymers via the insertion of thioester containing repeating units. A thorough mechanistic investigation was performed to understand the reactivity of the two cyclic monomers. We identified the initiation as the main parameter to perform the polymerization of such thionolactone monomers. In a specific case the poly(ε-thCL) homopolymer was successfully obtained. Concerning the copolymerization with vinyl acetate, a variety of polymerizations with differing feed ratios were performed, and the degradability of the copolymers via aminolysis examined by SEC. To demonstrate the usefulness of thionolactones a variety of block copolymers containing thioester linkages involving N,N-dimethylacrylamide and VAc were also prepared and degraded

Mechanistic Investigation of Thiono-Caprolactone Radical Polymerization: An Interesting Tool to Insert Weak Bonds into Poly(vinyl esters)

International audienceThe incorporation of heteroatoms into the backbone of commodity polymers prepared by radical polymerization is an elegant way to confer (bio)degradability to such materials. This could be achieved via the radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic monomers. Thionolactones were recently identified as promising comonomers for rROP but only reacting with activated monomers such as acrylate and acrylamide derivatives. Herein, we describe two thionolactone monomers, oxepane-2-thione i.e. εthiono-caprolactone (thCL) and 7-butyloxepane-2-thione, i.e ε-thiono-decalactone (thDL) capable of performing radical ringopening polymerization with less activated monomers such as vinyl acetate (VAc) to produce readily degradable copolymers via the insertion of thioester containing repeating units. A thorough mechanistic investigation was performed to understand the reactivity of the two cyclic monomers. We identified the initiation as the main parameter to perform the polymerization of such thionolactone monomers. In a specific case the poly(ε-thCL) homopolymer was successfully obtained. Concerning the copolymerization with vinyl acetate, a variety of polymerizations with differing feed ratios were performed, and the degradability of the copolymers via aminolysis examined by SEC. To demonstrate the usefulness of thionolactones a variety of block copolymers containing thioester linkages involving N,N-dimethylacrylamide and VAc were also prepared and degraded

Degradable Vinyl Polymer Nanoparticles/Latexes by Aqueous Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly

The synthesis of degradable vinyl polymer nanoparticles/latexes in aqueous dispersed media is receiving much attention, particularly for biomedical applications and plastic pollution control, as it can circumvent the severe limitations associated with emulsification of preformed degradable polymers. Polymerisation-induced self-assembly (PISA), which enables the in-situ formation of aqueous suspensions of diblock copolymer nano-objects of high solids content, has become a very popular polymerization process due to its many advantages in terms of simplicity, robustness, scalability and versatility. However, the preparation of degradable vinyl polymer nanoparticles by direct aqueous PISA has never been reported. This severely limits the use of PISA in biomedical and environmental applications. Herein, we report the first aqueous emulsion PISA able to generate degradable vinyl polymer nanoparticles. It relies on radical ring-opening polymerization-induced self-assembly (rROPISA) of traditional vinyl monomers (n-butyl acrylate or styrene) with dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5-thione (DOT), a thionolactone that features high stability in protic solvents and favourable reactivity with many vinyl monomers, and is a precursor of labile thioester groups in the main chain. Stable aqueous suspensions of thioester-containing diblock copolymer nanoparticles were obtained with both vinyl monomers. Extensive degradation of the copolymers and the nanoparticles was successfully demonstrated under aminolytic or basic conditions. Given the success of the PISA process within the polymer community, this work has the potential to greatly expand its use in many areas, from nanomedicine (providing an extension to biocompatible vinyl polymers) to sustained materials in the context of the polymer circular economy

Degradable Latexes by Nitroxide-Mediated Aqueous Seeded Emulsion Copolymerization using Thionolactones

Thiocarbonyl addition-ring-opening (TARO) polymerization of thionolactones offers the unique opportunity to incorporate thioester functions into vinyl polymer backbones via a radical mechanism. Recently, successful synthesis of degradable vinyl copolymer latexes based on dibenzo[c,e]oxepane-5-thione (DOT) has been reported by free-radical polymerization (FRP) in emulsion and aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Herein, to combine a controlled radical polymerization process with the avoidance of preliminary synthesis, we performed the aqueous nitroxide-mediated copolymerization (NMP) of DOT and n-butyl acrylate (nBA) or styrene (S) via a two-step ab initio emulsion process. nBA was first polymerized in water in the presence of the BlocBuilder alkoxyamine and DOWFAX 8390 as the surfactant to generate a stable aqueous suspension of living seeds of low molar mass PnBA-SG1. Seeded emulsion copolymerization was then performed via chain extension of the seeds at 110 °C for 8 h by a mixture of DOT and nBA (or S), leading to stable latexes of average diameters ranging from 120 to 320 nm. Successful degradations of the copolymers were achieved under basic conditions, which demonstrated the incorporation of labile thioester groups in the copolymer backbone