Shared Responsibilities for Nuclear Disarmament: A Global Debate

Presents Sagan's 2009 paper calling for rethinking the balance of responsibilities and the relationship between articles in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty with seven response papers by international scholars about how to pursue nuclear disarmament

WATER-Model: An Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Turkey, Syria and Iraq

Political instability of several countries in the Middle East is overshadowing one of the biggest challenges of the upcoming century: Water - a natural resource that is easily taken for granted, but whose scarcity might lead to serious conflicts. This paper investigates an optimal Water Allocation of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivershed by introducing the WATER-Model. A series of scenarios are analyzed to examine the effects of different levels of cooperation for an optimal water allocation. Special emphasize is put on the effects of filling new Turkish reservoirs which can cause additional welfare losses if these actions are not done on a basin-wide coordinated basis. Modeling results show that Turkey is most efficient in its water usage. However, using the water for irrigation purposes in Turkey, instead of the Iraqi or Syrian domestic and industrial sector, decreases the overall welfare. Especially the Euphrates basin might thus encounter losses of up to 33% due to such strategic behaviour. The predicted water demand growth in the region is going to increase this water scarcity further. Minimum flow treaties between riparian countries, however, can help to increase the overall welfare and should therefore be fostered

P1797 Left atrial mechanics in patients with stoke: Implications for emprical anticoagulation

Abstract Purpose Detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) after stroke impacts patient management. However, detection of AF is difficult due to its paroxsysmal nature. We sought to test the hypothesis that echocardiographic quantification left atrial (LA) mechanics in patients with stoke can be an imaging biomarker to predict AF. Methods We enrolled prospectively and consecutively 131 patients in normal sinus rhythm with a new diagnosis of ischemic stroke. All patients underwent 48-hour Holter monitorization, transthoracic echocardiography with saline injection in addition to routine work-up of stroke evaluation. Two-dimensional and Doppler studies, together with most up-to-date LA quantification tools were performed including 3-dimensional LA phasic volumes (maxiumum and minimum LA Volume index - LAVImax, LAVImin) and LA strain quantification (average strain from apical 4- and 2-chamber during reservoir (Ss) and contraction (Sa) phases). Patients were followed-up and underwent second 48-hour Holter monitorization 6-12 months later if no etiologic cause was found. Any AF episode lasting &amp;gt;30 seconds was considered significant parosysmal AF. Results In 49 patients, causes other than AF were identified (Noncryptogenic). In 43 patients no discernable cause was found (NoAF Cryptogenic). Paroxysmal AF episodes lasting longer than 30 sec were documented in 27 patients at first 48-hour Holter and in 12 patients during follow-up (9.2 ± 3.1 months) either by second 48-hour Holter monitorization or clinically (AF cryptogenic). LAVImax and LAVImin were significantly increased, Ss and Sa were significantly reduced in patients with AF as compared to No AF and Noncryptogenic groups (Table). LA volumes and strain measures predicted AF development independently of CHA2DS2-VASc score. Better discrimination between No AF and AF groups was obtained after second Holter monitorization that enabled detection of more cases with paroxysmal AF (Figure). Conclusions Our findings underscore the value of echocardiographic assessment of LA function as a marker of AF development and for selection of patients who could benefit from empiric anticoagulation. Noncryptogenic AF cryptogenic No AF cryptogenic 3D LAVI max (ml/m&amp;sup2;) 30.1 ± 9,4 38.1 ± 12.7 28.9 ± 9.2 3D LAVI min (ml/m&amp;sup2;) 13.9 ± 7.5 20.7 ± 10.7 13.4 ± 5.3 3D LA EF (%) 55.5 ± 9.4 50.0 ± 10.5 53.8 ± 10.0 Ss (%) 17.4 ± 8.5 12.7 ± 5.3 17.5 ± 8.5 Sa (%) 12.7 ± 6.3 9.0 ± 5.0 12.8 ± 6.3 CHA2DS2-VASc 4.0 ± 1.6 5.0 ± 1.6 3.9 ± 1.5 Abstract P1797 Figure. </jats:sec

Turkey

This chapter reviews irrigation development and policy with specific references to the main water- and land-based regional socioeconomic development projects in Turkey. It analyzes the expansion of irrigation investment as well as institutional and technological changes in irrigation policy and development in parallel with policies of liberalization and decentralization in the late 1980s. The chapter also discusses institutional changes in the management of the irrigation systems as a result of (partial) transfer of management of large-scale irrigation systems to a variety of water user organizations. Finally, it describes current technological and institutional problems and the further challenges to the irrigation sector, such as infrastructure deterioration, risks of drought, environmental and ecological system degradation, and insufficient investment. It also notes the efforts to equip new irrigation schemes with modern technology, such as closed pipes for conveying water instead of open channels, and water-saving micro-irrigation methods rather than surface irrigation techniques.WOS:000486992000009Scopus - Affiliation ID: 60105072Book Citation Index- Science - Book Citation Index- Social Sciences and HumanitiesArticle; Book ChapterNisan2019YÖK - 2018-1