The Evolution of Compact Binary Star Systems

We review the formation and evolution of compact binary stars consisting of white dwarfs (WDs), neutron stars (NSs), and black holes (BHs). Binary NSs and BHs are thought to be the primary astrophysical sources of gravitational waves (GWs) within the frequency band of ground-based detectors, while compact binaries of WDs are important sources of GWs at lower frequencies to be covered by space interferometers (LISA). Major uncertainties in the current understanding of properties of NSs and BHs most relevant to the GW studies are discussed, including the treatment of the natal kicks which compact stellar remnants acquire during the core collapse of massive stars and the common envelope phase of binary evolution. We discuss the coalescence rates of binary NSs and BHs and prospects for their detections, the formation and evolution of binary WDs and their observational manifestations. Special attention is given to AM CVn-stars -- compact binaries in which the Roche lobe is filled by another WD or a low-mass partially degenerate helium-star, as these stars are thought to be the best LISA verification binary GW sources.Comment: 105 pages, 18 figure

The Nickel Mass Distribution of Normal Type II Supernovae

Core-collapse supernova explosions expose the structure and environment of massive stars at the moment of their death. We use the global fitting technique of Pejcha & Prieto (2015a,b) to estimate a set of physical parameters of 19 normal Type II SNe, such as their distance moduli, reddenings, $^{56}$Ni masses $M_{\rm Ni}$, and explosion energies $E_{\rm exp}$ from multicolor light curves and photospheric velocity curves. We confirm and characterize known correlations between $M_{\rm Ni}$ and bolometric luminosity at 50 days after the explosion, and between $M_{\rm Ni}$ and $E_{\rm exp}$. We pay special attention to the observed distribution of $M_{\rm Ni}$ coming from a joint sample of 38 Type~II SNe, which can be described as a skewed-Gaussian-like distribution between $0.005~M_{\odot}$ and $0.280~M_{\odot}$, with a median of $0.031~M_{\odot}$, mean of $0.046~M_{\odot}$, standard deviation of $0.048~M_{\odot}$ and skewness of $3.050$. We use two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and two-sample Anderson-Darling test to compare the observed distribution of $M_{\rm Ni}$ to results from theoretical hydrodynamical codes of core-collapse explosions with the neutrino mechanism presented in the literature. Our results show that the theoretical distributions obtained from the codes tested in this work, KEPLER and Prometheus Hot Bubble, are compatible with the observations irrespective of different pre-supernova calibrations and different maximum mass of the progenitors.Comment: accepted in ApJ; added references, added discussion in sections 3 and 4, changed the analysis and the conclusion