Enhancing Oral Vaccine Potency by Targeting Intestinal M Cells

The immune system in the gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in the control of infection, as it constitutes the first line of defense against mucosal pathogens. The attractive features of oral immunization have led to the exploration of a variety of oral delivery systems. However, none of these oral delivery systems have been applied to existing commercial vaccines. To overcome this, a new generation of oral vaccine delivery systems that target antigens to gut-associated lymphoid tissue is required. One promising approach is to exploit the potential of microfold (M) cells by mimicking the entry of pathogens into these cells. Targeting specific receptors on the apical surface of M cells might enhance the entry of antigens, initiating the immune response and consequently leading to protection against mucosal pathogens. In this article, we briefly review the challenges associated with current oral vaccine delivery systems and discuss strategies that might potentially target mouse and human intestinal M cells

Properties of Self - Compacting Concrete made with Addition of Waste Materials as Mineral Admixture

Veliki problem održavanja zdrave životne sredine predstavlja otpad nastao industrijskom proizvodnjom ili odlaganjem dotrajalih proizvoda koji su izgubili upotrebnu vrednost. Beton kao kompozitni materijal je pogodan za primenu otpadnih materijala kao jedna od njegovih komponenti u njegovom sastavu. Otpadni materijali se u betonu mogu koristiti kao delimična zamena cementa, delimična zamena agregata ili kao ojačanje betonskog kompozita. U ovom radu je prikazano istraživanje uticaja usitnjenog recikliranog stakla od katodnih cevi, flotacijske jalovine iz rudnika bakra, elektrofilterskog pepela, crvenog mulja i krečnjačkog filera kao mineralnog dodatka na svojstva svežeg i očvrslog samougrađujućeg betona.Publishe

Betonski blokovi i ploče za popločavanje spravljeni sa recikliranim staklom od katodnih cevi

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Potential for Use of Recycled Cathode Ray Tube Glass in Making Concrete Blocks and Paving Flags

The potential to use waste glass, including cathode ray tube (CRT) glass, for making new products or as an admixture to existing ones is being intensively investigated. This kind of research intensified particularly in the period after CRT TV sets and computer monitors were replaced in the market by the advanced technology of thin film transistor (TFT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) screens. Cathode ray tube glass represents a considerable part of electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste globally increases at a far higher rate than other solid waste materials. There is a possibility to recycle cathode ray tube glass and use it in the construction industry. This paper shows the test results of physical and mechanical properties of blocks and paving flags. The reference specimen was made with quartz sand, while the other product employed a combination of quartz sand and ground panel cathode ray tube glass. The glass was ground to the fraction 0.25/1.00 mm, which corresponds to quartz sand fineness. The following tests were performed: shape and dimensions, resistance to freeze/thaw and de-icing salts, water absorption, splitting tensile strength and tensile strength by bending. Special attention was paid to the tests of Böhme wear resistance, slip resistance of the top surface of CRT products using a pendulum, radioactivity and leaching. The texture of the experimental concrete products was observed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and analyzed. The results obtained by experimental testing unequivocally show that CRT glass can successfully be used for making concrete blocks and paving flags

Concrete Resistance Achieved with Subtly Ground Tube Glass of Cathode Ray as Supplementary Cementitious Material to Sulphate Attack

One of the essential requirements in modern civil engineering is a sustainable building, with the aim of reducing the harmful impact on the environment. Since the early XXI century, usage of recycled materials has been insisted on, which could, at least partly, substitute traditionally used materials. Although there is no serial manufacturing of TV sets with cathode ray tubes anymore, piles of cathode ray tube glass (CRT) at the waste disposal sites have still been on the increase. This experimental research was supposed to determine the potential for using subtly milled CRT glass as a supplementary cementitious material and to check the resistance of similar concretes to the sulphate action. Six testing concrete batches were made. The percentage of cement replacement percentage with CRT was: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 35%, by mass. Durability assessment of concrete to sulphate action was done by visual estimation of concrete appearance as well as through testing the compressive strength variations of treated concrete specimens 3, 6, 12 and 36 months old. After soaking the specimens in a 5% solution of Na2 SO4 for 36 months, concretes with 15% to 20% of replaced cement with finely ground CRT glass have simultaneously satisfactory compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack. In this sense, this range of replacement of cement with finely ground CRT glass can be recommended for practical application

Paradoxical IgA immunity in CD4-deficient mice. Lack of cholera toxin-specific protective immunity despite normal gut mucosal IgA differentiation.

Abstract Using normal and CD4 gene-targeted (CD4-/-) mice, we asked whether mucosal immune responses and IgA B cell differentiation require the presence of CD4+ T helper cells. We found that CD4-/- mice had numerous B cell germinal centers in Peyer's patches and other gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Membrane IgA+ B cells were found to co-localize to germinal center areas and CD4-CD8- double negative CD3+ T cells had replaced CD4+ T cells in the follicular areas of the Peyer's patches. CD4-/- mice had normal levels of IgA-producing cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, and gut lavage contained unaltered levels of total IgA. However, despite T cell help for IgA B cell differentiation, CD4-/- mice did not respond with Ag-specific intestinal IgA following oral immunization with the powerful mucosal immunogen cholera toxin (CT). By contrast, these mice demonstrated serum alpha-CT IgG following oral immunization, suggesting that double negative CD3+ T cells provided some help for systemic immune responses after oral immunization. Perorally immunized CD4-/- mice were completely unprotected against CT-induced diarrhea while both normal and CD8-/- mice were well protected and also demonstrated high levels of gut mucosal alpha-CT IgA. After reconstitution of the CD4-/- mice by adoptive transfer of naive mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells, the mice acquired the ability to respond with specific mucosal immune responses following oral immunization and also developed resistance against CT-induced diarrhea. Thus, paradoxically, although IgA B cell differentiation appears to proceed normally in CD4-/- mice, specific gut mucosal immune responses are grossly impaired in the absence of CD4+ T cells.</jats:p