Protein quality control: the who’s who, the where’s and therapeutic escapes

In cells the quality of newly synthesized proteins is monitored in regard to proper folding and correct assembly in the early secretory pathway, the cytosol and the nucleoplasm. Proteins recognized as non-native in the ER will be removed and degraded by a process termed ERAD. ERAD of aberrant proteins is accompanied by various changes of cellular organelles and results in protein folding diseases. This review focuses on how the immunocytochemical labeling and electron microscopic analyses have helped to disclose the in situ subcellular distribution pattern of some of the key machinery proteins of the cellular protein quality control, the organelle changes due to the presence of misfolded proteins, and the efficiency of synthetic chaperones to rescue disease-causing trafficking defects of aberrant proteins

Un exemple de système complexe: Les bâtiments d'élevage intensif

National audienc

Dynamics of Changes in the Mentality of Adolescents in Kyrgyzstan in Contemporary Political Realities

The article describes the issues related to the socio-political mentality of young citizens of Kyrgyzstan, factors that drive change, and the role of education in the ongoing processes. Described as an illustration of the state and the process was used empirical material collected during research conducted in Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University

Mise au point de chambres de refroidissement pour l'étude de la gélivité des bourgeons. Application au cas de la vigne

International audienc

Interactions surface continentale/atmosphère : l'expérience HAPEX-Sahel

L'étude, conduite par deux équipes du département de bioclimatologie de l'Inra (Unité de Bioclimatologie de Grignon - Centre de Grignon-Massy - Paris et Unité de Bioclimatologie de Bordeaux), s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'expérience Efeda, organisée en Espagne en 1991 par différentes équipes de recherches atmosphériques et de science du sol des pays de la communauté européenne. Cette participation correspondait à un double objectif : améliorer la paramétrisation des flux de surface au moyen de modèles faisant intervenir la température radiative obtenue par thermographie infrarouge (cette première partie était directement financée par le projet Efeda) ; effectuer un contrôle expérimental d'une hypothèse relative à l'évolution longitudinale des flux en situation d'advection locale. Cette deuxième partie bénéficiait de l'appui du programme Pamos et fera l'objet de l'essentiel du compte rendu. (Résumé d'auteur

Mise au point de chambres de refroidissement pour l'étude de la gélivité des bourgeons. Application au cas de la vigne

Les auteurs décrivent 2 chambres de refroidissement utilisées pour les études de gélivité des bourgeons in situ. La première est une chambre de refroidissement convectif élaborée à partir d'éléments de congélateurs. La deuxième cherche à reproduire le phénomène de refroidissement radiatif qui a lieu au cours des nuits de gelées de printemps afin de permettre les dépôts de rosée et de givre qui se produisent dans les conditions naturelles.Two types of cooling chambers designed for studying bud sensitivity to frost. The authors describe 2 cooling chambers used to study frost sensitivity of vine buds. The first is a classical convective cooling system which can be run in the field (fig 1). The second is designed to provide buds with the radiative cooling which occurs during spring frosts. This chamber reproduces part of the system designed by Went (1976), Gill and Waister (1976) and Marcellos (1981). Figure 3 reproduces the schema of the chamber. Radiative cooling is provided by means of evaporating nitrogen at roof level in the upper part (3). Warm air is circulated in the middle part in order to maintain the polyethylene walls (4) free of water and transparent to thermal infrared radiation. This radiative cooling system makes dew or rime deposition possible, as in natural conditions. This is illustrated in figure 4 where bud temperature (----- and ---) is kept lower than both air temperature (—) and dew point (-·-) during cooling

A Study of the NOx Selective Catalytic Reduction with Ethanol and Its By-products

International audienceThe NOx selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ethanol has been investigated over alumina supported silver catalyst with a special attention to the main involved reactions depending on the temperature test. With this aim, the possible reducers from ethanol transformations were also evaluated (C2H5OH, CH3CHO, C2H4, CO). In addition, the contributions of the gas phase reactions and the alumina support were also pointed out. Based on the C-products and N-compounds distributions, it is assumed that at low temperature (T < 300 A degrees C), ethanol reacts firstly with NO + O-2 to produce acetaldehyde and N-2. For higher temperatures, two reaction pathways have been proposed, supported by the CH3CHO-SCR results: a direct reaction between NO2 and CH3CHO, or via -NCO species