Children’s Peer Victimization and Internalizing Symptoms: The Role of Inhibitory Control and Perceived Positive Peer Relationships

Peer victimization is a well-established risk factor for children’s internalizing problems. We longitudinally examined the moderating role of children’s early perceptions of positive peer relationships and inhibitory control on the association between peer victimization at age 6 and internalizing symptoms at age 10. Perceptions of peer relationships and inhibitory control were assessed via child interviews and behavioral tasks when children were 5 years old (n = 205, 51% female). Peer victimization was assessed via sociometric peer nominations. Internalizing symptoms were assessed via maternal report at age 10. Results indicated that, for children who perceived fewer positive peer relationships at age 5, higher rates of peer victimization at age 6 were associated with more internalizing problems at age 10. This pattern was also found for children with lower inhibitory control. Findings highlight that children’s early individual difference factors should be considered when conceptualizing risk for internalizing symptoms posed by peer victimization

Review of the photovoltaic energy program in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

In much of the world, there is increasing demand for electricity to serve rural communities, isolated from the existing grids and typified by low-density electrical consumption. Because these non-urban consumer markets require rather high implementation investments (as well as high operation and maintenance costs), new technological and policy options are required to meet the needs of these markets. These consumers typically use energy in daytime peak hours of electricity, typically for lighting, television, and communication—as well as for a variety of cultural habits such as hot water that impose high demands on the utility's power distribution and generation system. This has been the case in Brazil, making it necessary to identify decentralized generation technologies to meet the potential markets, typically serving rural and poorer areas. The government itself provided the impetus with the passage of the Brazilian “Universalization Law” that mandated supplying electricity access for the entire population by the year 2010. This law allows the use of both the distribution grid and renewable energy off-grid technologies. In response, Brazil's largest state utility, Energetic Company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG) has aggressively implemented the use of decentralized photovoltaic systems to supplement the conventional power grid to satisfy the “universalization” targets. This paper provides a summary of the status and the future prospects of solar photovoltaic Energy in Brasil, within the context of the “universal electricity supply” policy. The focus here is to highlight the successes and the issues experienced to date in the State of Minas Gerais. This includes examining the methods implemented to ensure system reliability for the consumers, as well as the standards established under the Agéncia Nacional de Energy Elétrica (ANEEL), the national regulator electrical agency that ensures compliance with the federal regulations

Review of the photovoltaic energy program in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

In much of the world, there is increasing demand for electricity to serve rural communities, isolated from the existing grids and typified by low-density electrical consumption. Because these non-urban consumer markets require rather high implementation investments (as well as high operation and maintenance costs), new technological and policy options are required to meet the needs of these markets. These consumers typically use energy in daytime peak hours of electricity, typically for lighting, television, and communication--as well as for a variety of cultural habits such as hot water that impose high demands on the utility's power distribution and generation system. This has been the case in Brazil, making it necessary to identify decentralized generation technologies to meet the potential markets, typically serving rural and poorer areas. The government itself provided the impetus with the passage of the Brazilian "Universalization Law" that mandated supplying electricity access for the entire population by the year 2010. This law allows the use of both the distribution grid and renewable energy off-grid technologies. In response, Brazil's largest state utility, Energetic Company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG) has aggressively implemented the use of decentralized photovoltaic systems to supplement the conventional power grid to satisfy the "universalization" targets. This paper provides a summary of the status and the future prospects of solar photovoltaic Energy in Brasil, within the context of the "universal electricity supply" policy. The focus here is to highlight the successes and the issues experienced to date in the State of Minas Gerais. This includes examining the methods implemented to ensure system reliability for the consumers, as well as the standards established under the Agéncia Nacional de Energy Elétrica (ANEEL), the national regulator electrical agency that ensures compliance with the federal regulations.Photovoltaic system Rural electrification Descentralized generation Universal electricity service Government policy