Burden of disease of human papillomavirus (HPV) : hospitalizations in the Marche and Veneto regions. An observational study

Background and Objectives HPV (human papillomavirus) is the virus most often responsible for sexually transmitted infections. The burden of HPV-related diseases on hospital resources represents a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of HPV-related diseases (anal cancer, genital cancer, genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer) on hospital resources in two Italian regions.Methods A retrospective, non-randomized, observational study was developed in the Marche and Veneto Regions, based on patients receiving hospitalization between 2008 and 2011. All hospitalizations were identified through administrative archives, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 CM) to which a defined tariff was assigned.Results We identified 5299 hospitalized patients in Veneto and 1735 in the Marche Region. The mean annual hospitalization rate was 49.44 per 100,000 individuals in Veneto and 48.41 in Marche. The total mean annual cost attributable to HPV-related diseases was (sic)5.78 (SD 0.80) million in Veneto and (sic)2.24 (SD 0.17) million in Marche. Costs associated with genital cancer amounted to (sic)1.61 million in Veneto and (sic)1.06 million in Marche (28% and 47% of the total mean annual cost, respectively). Oropharyngeal cancer accounted for 36% in Veneto ((sic)2.08 million) and 28% in Marche ((sic)632,645). Hospitalization costs related to anal cancer were (sic)882,567 in Veneto and (sic) 377,719 in Marche; genital warts accounted for (sic)1.19 million in Veneto and (sic)171,406 in Marche. Finally, the mean cost per patient was (sic)4364 in Veneto and (sic)5176 in Marche.Conclusions The present work estimated the cost of HPV-related diseases for hospitalized patients in two Italian regions. The considerable estimated annual economic burden is a powerful driver for the governance of the public health sector

Syntheses and analytical characterizations of novel (2-aminopropyl)benzo[b]thiophene (APBT) based stimulants

Two groups of amphetamine-like drugs with psychostimulant properties that were first developed during the course of scientific studies and later emerged as new psychoactive substances (NPS) are based on the (2-aminopropyl)indole (API) and (2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (APB) structural scaffolds. However, sulfur-based analogs with a benzo[b]thiophene structure (resulting in (2-aminopropyl)benzo[b]thiophene (APBT) derivatives) have received little attention. In the present investigation, all six racemic APBT positional isomers were synthesized in an effort to understand their structure-activity relationships relative to API- and APB-based drugs. One lesson learned from the NPS phenomenon is that one cannot exclude the appearance of such substances on the market. Therefore, an in-depth analytical characterization was performed, including various single- and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and ionization platforms coupled to gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and solid phase and GC condensed phase infrared spectroscopy (GC-sIR). Various derivatizations have also been explored; it was found that all six APBT isomers could be differentiated during GC analysis after derivatization with heptfluorobutyric anhydride and ethyl chloroformate (or heptfluorobutyric anhydride and acetic anhydride) under non-routine conditions. Discriminating analytical features can also be derived from NMR, GC-EI/CI- single- and tandem mass spectrometry, LC (pentafluorophenyl stationary phase), and various infrared spectroscopy approaches (including GC-sIR). Availability of detailed analytical data obtained from these novel APBT-type stimulants may be useful to researchers and scientists in cases where forensic and clinical investigations are warranted

Elevated PIN1 expression by C/EBPα-p30 blocks C/EBPα-induced granulocytic differentiation through c-Jun in AML

10.1038/leu.2010.37Leukemia245914-92