Aberrant Expression of ID2 protein and its correlation with EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma in China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The relationships between the expression of ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) in Chinese classical Hodgkin lymphoma are unknown and need exploring.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Samples of classical Hodgkin lymphoma from 60 Chinese patients were analyzed for the expression of ID2, EBV-LMP1 and p16(INK4A) proteins by immunohistochemistry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>ID2 protein was expressed in 83.3% of this group of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, staining strongly in both cytoplasm and nucleus of the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) were overexpressed in 85.0% and 71.7% of Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. EBV-LMP1 was noted in the cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus of HRS cells; P16(INK4A) was in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Microscopically, ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) staining distinguished the HRS cells from the complex background of lymphocytes. ID2 was positively correlated with EBV-LMP1(<it>P </it>< 0.01), but P16(INK4A) was inversely related to EBV-LMP1 (<it>P </it>< 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It is suggested that ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) could play an important role in the evolution of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and be considered as potential adjunct markers to identify HRS cells in diagnosis.</p

Diet and Bioenergetics of Lake-Rearing Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Lake Washington

Abstract.—Use of lake habitats by ocean-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is rare under natural conditions. We studied aspects of the trophic ecology of naturally and hatchery-produced juvenile Chinook salmon rearing in the littoral zone of highly urbanized Lake Washington in Washington State. During February through May, naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon occupied littoral habitats and consumed mostly epibenthic prey, primarily chironomid pupae (Diptera). In June, they switched to a diet dominated by plankton, specifically Daphnia spp. This diet shift from littoral prey to limnetic prey coincided with increasing temperature, a shift by the fish from littoral to limnetic habitats, the spring bloom of Daphnia, and increasing fish size. Bioenergetics modeling for these populations estimated that naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon had high consumption rates and were generally feeding close to their maximum ration, even after large numbers of hatchery-produced Chinook salmon entered the lake. The feeding rates, growth rates, and proportions of maximum daily ration from the modeling suggested that under current conditions, both naturally produced and hatchery-produced juvenile Chinook salmon were finding ample food in littoral habitats of Lake Washington. These results further reveal that hatchery-produced Chinook salmon did not compete with naturally produced fish and that this was probably a result of hatchery juveniles enterin

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON BONE DENSITY

K. Stone, D. Brocksmith, and S. Burns; University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg MO Having a high bone density is important to reduce the risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of different modes of exercise on bone mineral density (BMD). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine which type of exercise may be most effective in increasing BMD (football vs. swimming). METHODS: Participants were 15 male football players and 8 male swimmers. The subjects total was measured by using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, Lunar Prodigy, GE) machine in the Human Performance Lab on the campus of the University of Central Missouri. RESULTS: The results were that the average BMD of football players (1.42g/cm2 ± 0.08g/cm2) was higher than the average BMD of the swimmers (1.25g/cm2 ± 0.10g/cm2) with a P value of \u3c 0.05. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that athletes who participate in high-impact exercise weight bearing (football players) have a higher bone density than athletes who participate in low-impact non-weight bearing exercise (swimmers)