Venture capital contracting in theory and practice: Implications for entrepreneurship research

This article provides a comprehensive theoretical and empirical literature review of venture capital contracts. This outlines the differences between theoretical and practical uses of contract designs; that is, (1) how does the choice of securities give rise to different adverse selection problems in terms of attracting different types of entrepreneurial companies; how does the choice of securities in conjunction with cash flow and control rights provisions affect (2) the effort levels by the entrepreneur and the investor; and (3) ultimately affect entrepreneurial outcomes. This article highlights the major discrepancies between theory and practice and points out potential avenues for further research

Effect of lipophilic vitamins on the erythrocyte membrane 31P NMR and fluorescence studies

AbstractStructural changes induced by the fat-soluble vitamins A, D3, E and K1 in natural membranes were studied by 31P NMR and fluorescence anisotropy on erythrocyte ghosts; the occurrence of cell fusion following vitamin addition was detected by optical microscopy of intact cells. Vitamins A, E and K1, which produce cell fusion, also induce the formation of configurational phases other than the bilayer and increase, at a different extent for the different vitamins, membrane fluidity. Vitamin D3, on the contrary, induces aggregation without fusion, paralleled by bilayer phase stabilization and microviscosity increase. A correlation between fusion phenomena and structural variations in the bilayer organization is therefore suggested