Predicting methane accumulations generated from humic carboniferous coals in the Donbas fold belt (Ukraine)

The numerical modeling of the Ukrainian part of the Donbas fold belt indicates that the coalification pattern was controlled mainly by the maximum burial depth of coal seams and the heat flow (HF) (4075 mW/m2) during the Permian. The coalification pattern was overprinted by magmatic events during the Late Permian in the south syncline (150 mW/m2) and during the PermianTriassic in the north of the Krasnoarmeisk region (120 mW/m2). The coalification pattern shows a strong increase in vitrinite reflectance values toward the east and southeastern parts of the study area likely caused by (1) an eastward increase in burial depth, (2) a probable eastward increase in HF, and, (3) probable magmatic activity. An increase in total erosion toward the eastern and southeastern parts was also observed with a maximum erosional amount of approximately 8 km (5 mi) in the southeastern part of the study area. The basin modeling of this area predicts that the main phase of hydrocarbon generation occurred during the CarboniferousEarly Permian subsidence. The magmatic events that occurred during the PermianTriassic caused renewed pulses of hydrocarbon generation. A large amount of the generated hydrocarbons was lost to the surface because of a lack of seals. However, the numerical simulation predicts accumulations of about 2 tcf (57 billion m3) of methane generated from Carboniferous coals in the south and main synclines, where Lower Permian seal rocks are preserved. Finally, this study provides data on methane resources along the northern flank of the basin, which remains a significant frontier for natural gas exploration

Comparison of hydrocarbon gases (C1–C5) production from Carboniferous Donets (Ukraine) and Cretaceous Sabinas (Mexico) coals

The main purpose of this contribution is to compare the ability of Carboniferous coals from the Donets Basin of the Ukraine and Cretaceous coal from the Sabinas Basin of the Mexico to generate hydrocarbon gases (C1–C5). Two bituminous coals from the Donets Basin (2c10YD and 1l1Dim; 0.55 and 0.65%Rr respectively) and one bituminous coal from the Sabinas Basin (Olmos, 0.92%Rr) were studied using heating experiments in a confined-pyrolysis system. The highest rank reached during the heating experiments corresponds to the anthracite stage (2.78 and 2.57%Rr) for the 2c10YD and 1l1Dim coals and (2.65%Rr) for the Olmos coal. The composition of the generated (C1–C5) gases was evaluated using a thermodesorption-multidimensional gas chromatography. The results show that the Carboniferous Donets coals produced more wet gas and methane during pyrolysis than the Cretaceous Olmos coal. This is probably due to their higher liptinite (6–20%) and collodetrinite content and to the loss of a major part of the petroleum potential of the Olmos coal during natural coalification. C2–C5 compounds are mainly derived from the cracking of liquid hydrocarbons. Ethane is the most stable compound and formed from the cracking of higher hydrocarbon component. Large amounts of methane (up to 81 mg/g coal for the Donets coals and 50 mg/g coal for the Sabinas coal) were formed at high temperatures by cracking of previously formed heavier hydrocarbons and by dealkylation of the coal matrix. A linear relationship was observed between methane generation and the maturity level of both coal types

Distribution of thermogenic methane in Carboniferous coal seams of the Donets Basin (Ukraine): “Applications to exploitation of methane and forecast of mining hazards”

The main purpose of this contribution is to estimate methane production and to define its migration paths and storage in the Donets Basin formations for exploitation of methane and forecast of mining hazards. In order to study methane migration and storage, maps of production calculated by 2D modelling, adsorption capacity of methane in coal, and present-day methane contents were constructed for an altitude of − 300 m (close to 500 m depth) in this basin. The results show that three principal factors influenced the methane migration and accumulation in Donets Basin: 1) faults that acted as migration pathways, 2) a replacement of thermogenic methane by endogenic CO2 in the central and SE parts, and 3) the occurrence of magmatic events in some areas in this basin. Finally, in Donbas, the areas with the highest methane potential and the maximum risk of outburst are not the areas with anthracite that produce the highest volume of methane, but areas with volatile bituminous coals where an impermeable cover preserved the accumulated gas until the Cenozoic and where dextral shear belts facilitated its migration

Stratigraphic distribution of macerals and biomarkers in the Donets Basin: Implications for paleoecology, paleoclimatology and eustacy

More than one hundred and thirty coal seams and coaly layers occur in the Donets Basin (Donbas). Twenty-eight (52 samples) of them, ranging in age from Serpukhovian (Late Mississipian) to Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian), 33 clastics and three limestones were studied in terms of maceral composition, sulphur contents, and biomarker distribution. Diterpanes are used to estimate the contribution of different groups of plants and the height of the water table in the swamp; hopanes are a measure of bacterial activity in the peat; and steranes indicate the relative input of wood and algae. Stratigraphic trends in these parameters are discussed in relation to paleoenvironment, climatic changes, and eustacy. A tropical climate prevailed in the Donbas from Serpukhovian to Kasimovian times. Nevertheless, periods with drier and wetter conditions can be distinguished based on maceral and biomarker data. Relatively dry conditions are observed during Serpukhovian and Vereian times, whereas wetter climates with a maximum of coal deposition occurred during the (late) Bashkirian, most of the Moscovian, and the earliest Kasimovian. No economic coal seams are hosted in upper Kasimovian and Gzhelian deposits, a result of a change to an arid climate. Our data also suggest climatic changes during sequences of different order. For the second-order, third-order, and fourth-order sequences, relatively dry or wet conditions occurred during coal deposition in the lowstand systems tract, an intermediate climate during the transgressive systems tract and the maximum flooding, and a wet climate during the highstand systems tract. The results for high frequency sequences support the Cecil's paleoclimatic model: an intermediate paleoclimate during LST (sandstone and levee siltstone), a wet climate during early TST (coal), and a dry climate during late TST (limestone), MFS (claystone), and HST (deltaic siltstone). Coals deposited during maximum flooding periods are more enriched in C27 steranes derived from algae, and contain lower proportions of C29 steranes derived from the wood of higher plants

A Study of the Effect of Treatment on the Clinical Profile, Pain, and Disability in Migraine Patients Seen in a Tertiary Hospital [Response to Letter]

Geetha Kandasamy,1 Dalia Almaghaslah,1 Mona Almanasef,1 Tahani Musleh Almeleebia,1 Khalid Orayj,1 Ayesha Siddiqua,1 Eman Shorog,1 Asma M Alshahrani,1 Kousalya Prabahar,2 Vinoth Prabhu Veeramani,2 Palanisamy Amirthalingam,2 Saleh Alqifari,2 Naif Alshahrani,3 Aram Hamad AlSaedi,4 Alhanouf A Alsaab,5 Fatimah Aljohani,6 M Yasmin Begum,7 Akhtar Atiya8 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Pharmacy, Ad Diriyah Hospital, Ministry of Health (MOH), Riyadh, 13717, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 4College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia; 5Pharmacist at Abha International Private Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 6Pharmacist at Prince Sultan Armed Forces Hospital, Almadenah Almonwarah, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Geetha Kandasamy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email [email protected]

Predicting methane accumulation generated from humic carboniferous coals in the Donbas fold belt (Ukraine).

International audienc

Comparison of generative capacities for bitumen and gas between Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin (Ukraine) and a Cretaceous coal from Sabinas–Piedras Negras Basin (Mexico) during artificial maturation in confined pyrolysis system

18 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables.-- Available online 17 November 2006.-- Issue title: TSOP 2005 - Papers from the 22nd Annual Meeting of TSOP (Louisville, Kentucky, USA, 11–15 Sep 2005).The goal of this work is to study the ability of two immature Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin (Ukraine) to act as source for oil. Heating experiments in confined medium were performed to compare the thermal behavior of these coals, 1l1 Dim (%Rr = 0.55; H/C at. = 0.79) and 2c10YD (%Rr = 0.65; H/C at. = 0.80), relative to a mature Cretaceous coal from Sabinas Basin (Olmos, %Rr = 0.92, H/C at. = 0.77). Macerals analysis carried out on starting materials showed that Olmos is exhausted in liptinite contrary to 2c10YD (20 vol.%) and 1|1Dim (6 vol.%). The vitrinite content is lower for 2c10YD (59 vol.%) than for Olmos (84 vol.%) and 1|1Dim (80 vol.%). Solid bitumen occurs often dispersed in the raw coals. Both petrographic and geochemical analyses on starting materials revealed that the selected Carboniferous Donets coals have better potentialities for bitumen generation than the Cretaceous Sabinas coal. The presence of long chain n-alkanes (> n-C8) in the pyrolysis-GC chromatograms indicates that the two raw Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin can yield non-volatile hydrocarbons under further thermal maturation. It is speculated that some vitrinite macerals present in hydrogen-rich Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin can act as source rocks for oil. As a matter of fact, results showed that the ‘oil window’ occurs between ~ 1.0%Rr and ~ 2.0%Rr for both Cretaceous Sabinas and Carboniferous Donets coals during confined pyrolysis. As expected from geochemical and petrographic analyses of starting samples, the Carboniferous Donets coals yielded more bitumen and hydrocarbons than Cretaceous Sabinas coal during artificial maturation. Low proportions of solid bitumen (< 12 vol.%) are also formed between 1.1%Rr and 1.5%Rr during confined pyrolysis of coals. Two solid bitumen groups have been identified, which correspond to distinct phases of neo-formation. The drop in the solid bitumen content at higher ranks indicates that it contributes to generation of gas during experimental simulation. Moreover, their morphology and porosity change with the level of maturity. The porosity of the vitrinite matrix increases as well as the pore size with increasing maturity. A relationship has been observed between the porosity and the weight loss: the higher pore content of Carboniferous Donets coals is correlated with a higher generation of gas compared to Cretaceous Sabinas coal.The authors wish to acknowledge the CREGU (France) and the Syria Government for their financial support. This research was also supported by a CSIC-CNRS (Spain-France) Bilateral Agreement (Collaboration Cooperation Accord CNRS/CSIS Project Conjoint 16226).Peer reviewe

Comparison of generative capacities for bitumen and gas between Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin (Ukraine) and a Cretaceous coal from Sabinas–Piedras Negras Basin (Mexico) during artificial maturation in confined pyrolysis system

18 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables.-- Available online 17 November 2006.-- Issue title: TSOP 2005 - Papers from the 22nd Annual Meeting of TSOP (Louisville, Kentucky, USA, 11–15 Sep 2005).The goal of this work is to study the ability of two immature Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin (Ukraine) to act as source for oil. Heating experiments in confined medium were performed to compare the thermal behavior of these coals, 1l1 Dim (%Rr = 0.55; H/C at. = 0.79) and 2c10YD (%Rr = 0.65; H/C at. = 0.80), relative to a mature Cretaceous coal from Sabinas Basin (Olmos, %Rr = 0.92, H/C at. = 0.77). Macerals analysis carried out on starting materials showed that Olmos is exhausted in liptinite contrary to 2c10YD (20 vol.%) and 1|1Dim (6 vol.%). The vitrinite content is lower for 2c10YD (59 vol.%) than for Olmos (84 vol.%) and 1|1Dim (80 vol.%). Solid bitumen occurs often dispersed in the raw coals. Both petrographic and geochemical analyses on starting materials revealed that the selected Carboniferous Donets coals have better potentialities for bitumen generation than the Cretaceous Sabinas coal. The presence of long chain n-alkanes (> n-C8) in the pyrolysis-GC chromatograms indicates that the two raw Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin can yield non-volatile hydrocarbons under further thermal maturation. It is speculated that some vitrinite macerals present in hydrogen-rich Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin can act as source rocks for oil. As a matter of fact, results showed that the ‘oil window’ occurs between ~ 1.0%Rr and ~ 2.0%Rr for both Cretaceous Sabinas and Carboniferous Donets coals during confined pyrolysis. As expected from geochemical and petrographic analyses of starting samples, the Carboniferous Donets coals yielded more bitumen and hydrocarbons than Cretaceous Sabinas coal during artificial maturation. Low proportions of solid bitumen (< 12 vol.%) are also formed between 1.1%Rr and 1.5%Rr during confined pyrolysis of coals. Two solid bitumen groups have been identified, which correspond to distinct phases of neo-formation. The drop in the solid bitumen content at higher ranks indicates that it contributes to generation of gas during experimental simulation. Moreover, their morphology and porosity change with the level of maturity. The porosity of the vitrinite matrix increases as well as the pore size with increasing maturity. A relationship has been observed between the porosity and the weight loss: the higher pore content of Carboniferous Donets coals is correlated with a higher generation of gas compared to Cretaceous Sabinas coal.The authors wish to acknowledge the CREGU (France) and the Syria Government for their financial support. This research was also supported by a CSIC-CNRS (Spain-France) Bilateral Agreement (Collaboration Cooperation Accord CNRS/CSIS Project Conjoint 16226).Peer reviewe

Sustainable Dairy Farming: Harnessing Energy from Cattle Manure and Managing Wastewater Efficiently

Dairy farming in Kuwait faces significant environmental challenges, including high greenhouse gas emissions and inefficient manure management, necessitating sustainable alternatives. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using SpiceLogic software to determine the most suitable manure management system for a 222,000 m² dairy farm in Sulaibiya housing 2,978 Holstein cows. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was identified as the optimal solution. Sixteen Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) anaerobic digesters were designed to process 179.03 m³ of manure daily per unit, yielding 56,700.99 m³ of methane and generating 198.45 MWh of electricity. A greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment was conducted using the European Economic Area (EEA) Grants method, revealing that electricity consumption from oil-fired power plants resulted in 1.77 million kg of CO2 emissions from 2016 to 2019 and 1.08 million kg from 2019 to 2021. Implementing AD reduced nitrous oxide emissions by 93.53%, from 2,525.5 to 163.5 metric tons CO2-equivalent, compared to the current drylot system. The digestate was identified as a bio-fertilizer, improving soil health and reducing chemical fertilizer reliance. A wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was designed to treat 1,000 m³ of wastewater daily for irrigation reuse. Environmental impact assessments confirmed AD significantly reduces emissions compared to conventional manure management

Comparaison of hydrocarbon gases (C1-C2) production from carboniferous Donets (Ukraine) and cretaceous Sabinas (Mexico) coals.

International audienc