Energy and cost analysis of rose Rosa damascena dried by heat pump drying systems

Isparta rose is an agricultural product that provides world-wide awareness to our country, offering social and cultural aspects and touristic and economic contributions. Turkey and Bulgaria are two major countries that produce rose for economic return. Isparta rose (rose damascena) is a therapeutic fragrant flower used in aromatherapy applications besides oil production. The aim of this study is to determine the energy and cost analysis of drying of rose (Rosa damascena). Additionally, the energy consumption and unit cost of screening and separation was determined. Experiments were carried out in the Yakaören Rose Oil Factory of Gülbirlik, which was established in the village of Yakaören in the center of Isparta province. Temperatures of 45°C and 55°C were chosen as drying temperature in the experiment. According to the results of the research, work capacity for temperatures of 45°C and 55°C were 0.32 kg×h-1 and 0.63 kg×h-1, respectively. Specific energy consumption (SEC) for the same temperatures were 2.48 kWh×kg-1 and 8.96 kWh×kg-1, respectively. Specific moisture extraction rates (SMER) were found to be 0.402 and 0.112 kg×kWh-1. The unit drying cost was for the two drying temperatures of 45°C and 55°C are 0.51 and 1.84 Turkish liras (TL), respectively. As a result; the work capacity, SEC, MER and unit drying cost at a temperature of 55°C was found to be higher than the work capacity at a temperature of 45°C. However, SMER at 55°C was lower than drying at 45°C temperature. For this reason, rose drying at a temperature of 45 degrees is advantageous in SEC, SMER and Unit Drying Cost compared to drying roses at 55 degrees

Drying characteristics of sultana grape fruit in microwave dryer

Drying of sultana grape fruits was studied using a microwave dryer under the laboratory environment at the Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering at Suleyman Demirel University. In this study, the effects of microwave drying and fan assisted microwave drying on drying time, drying ratio of grape samples were examined. Sultana grape fruits were dried by using microwave, microwave-convective combination and convective drying, respectively. The effects of microwave drying (180, 540 and 720 W); combined convective and microwave drying (180W-100ºC, 360W-100ºC and 540 W-100ºC), convective drying (100, 150, 200ºC) on drying time, drying rate of grape samples have been investigated. The drying data were applied to four different mathematical models, namely, Midilli-Kucuk, Weibull distribution, logistic and Alıbas Equation Models. The performances of these models were compared according to the coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of estimate (SEE) and residual sum of squares (RSS), between the observed and predicted moisture ratios. The drying characteristic curves were estimated against four mathematical models and the Weibull distribution was found to be the best descriptive model for all the drying experiments of thin layer grape fruit samples except for 540W-100ºC. Alıbas model equation was also found to be the best descriptive model for combined microwave and convective drying (540W-100ºC)

Isparta İlindeki Elma Bahçelerinde Mekanik Yabancı Ot Savaş Yönteminin Kullanılma Durumunun Belirlenmesi

Elma Isparta'da en fazla üretimi yapılan meyve çeşitlerinden biridir. Ürün gerek yöre gerekse ülke ekonomisinde oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Elma üretimi sırasında diğer tarla ürünlerinde olduğu gibi istem dışı çıkan yabancı otların yok edilmesi gerekmektedir. Yabancı ot kontrolünde uygulanan kültürel önlemlerden biri olan mekanik (toprak işleme) mücadele çok önceden beri bilinmesi ve çevresel olarak zararsız olması nedeniyle en fazla kullanılan yöntemlerden biridir. Bu yöntem fiziksel ve kimyasal savaş yöntemleri ile kombine edilerek kimyasal savaşın çevreye olan zararlı etkisi azaltılabilir. Çalışmada, Isparta yöresinde elma üretiminde uygulanan yabancı ot kontrol şekillerini belirlemek ve bunlardan mekanik savaşım yönteminin uygulanma olanaklarını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla üreticilerle anket yoluyla yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılarak elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; yabancı ot savaşımında en çok mekanik mücadele (toprak işleme) kullanılmakta, diğer yöntemlerden herbisit kullanımı ve biçmenin önemsiz düzeyde kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Mekanik mücadelede; toprak işleme aleti olarak en fazla rototiller kullanılmakta bunu sırasıyla pulluk, diskaro, el çapası ve tırmığın izlediği saptanmıştır. Önceleri yaygın olarak bu amaçla pulluk kullanılırken son yıllarda rototiller lehine artış olduğu belirlenmiştir. Rototillerin bu amaçla kullanımının yaygınlaşması literatür bildirişleriyle uyum göstermektedir

Physical and nutritional properties of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) growing in Turkey

Several physical and nutritional properties of oleaster fruits (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) grown in Turkey were investigated. These properties are necessary for the design of equipments for harvesting, processing and transportation, sorting, separating and packing. The average fruit length, width, thickness, the geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, fruit mass, thousand of fruit mass and volume of fruit of oleaster fruits were determined as 25.39 mm, 18.22 mm, 18.27 mm, 20.28 mm, 80.26 %, 2.09 g, 2101.4 g and 4.73 cm3, respectively. The bulk density, fruit density and porosity were 277 kg m-3, 462 kg m-3 and 35.03 %, respectively. While the static friction coefficient on galvanized iron sheet, iron sheet, thin plate, wood and rubber were 0.511, 0.438, 0.292, 0.511 and 0.729, the dynamic friction coefficient on the same surfaces were 0.438, 0.365, 0.219, 0.438 and 0.584, respectively. The moisture content, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, skin firmness and terminal velocity were 16.91 %, 4.99 %, 4.65 mg 100 g fresh weight-1, 6.65 N mm-2 and 8.26 m s-3, respectively. Protein, K, Ca, P, Mg and N amount were 12.33. 1.10, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05 and 1.97 %, respectively