On Hilberg's Law and Its Links with Guiraud's Law

Hilberg (1990) supposed that finite-order excess entropy of a random human text is proportional to the square root of the text length. Assuming that Hilberg's hypothesis is true, we derive Guiraud's law, which states that the number of word types in a text is greater than proportional to the square root of the text length. Our derivation is based on some mathematical conjecture in coding theory and on several experiments suggesting that words can be defined approximately as the nonterminals of the shortest context-free grammar for the text. Such operational definition of words can be applied even to texts deprived of spaces, which do not allow for Mandelbrot's ``intermittent silence'' explanation of Zipf's and Guiraud's laws. In contrast to Mandelbrot's, our model assumes some probabilistic long-memory effects in human narration and might be capable of explaining Menzerath's law.Comment: To appear in Journal of Quantitative Linguistic

Possibility of improving technological effectiveness of dairy wastewater treatment through application of active fillings and microwave rabiation

The aim of the study was to determine the technological effectiveness of treatment process of model dairy wastewater in anaerobic reactors with active filling (AF), heated with electromagnetic microwave radiation (EMR). Experiments were conducted in a laboratory scale. The AF were produced using micro-pore extrusion technology. The study demonstrated that AF introduction to the technological system and application of EMR significantly improved the effectiveness of organic compounds, phosphorus removal and biogas production. Initial organic loading rate also affected the final results of wastewater treatment

Cutting tool wear in turning 316L stainless steel in the conditions of minimized lubrication

316L stainless steel has emerged as one of the most used material in design and manufacturing for automotive, aerospace, marine, civil nuclear to produce critical components (valves, seats, pipes etc.). Despite, their huge application, during the machining of 316L stainless steel numerous challenges arise in terms of tool wear that are very detrimental for the surface of machined part. To obtain an extended life of tool used for machining commonly 316L stainless steel two different methods of cooling based on minimum lubrication condition, namely Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method and Minimum Quantity Cooling Lubrication (MQCL) with the addition of extreme pressure and anti-wear (EP/AW) method, respectively were settled. The use of the MQL method resulted in a reduction of the cutting tool wear by approximately 9% compared to the MQCL + EP / AW method and by approximately 21% compared to dry machining. Further, the highest values of wear indices were achieved during dry machining and the lowest ones in the method of minimized lubrication which validate the minimum lubrication as beneficial for reducing the wear progress

Method of wastewater with large blood concentration treatment with application of Fenton reagent

Skład, charakterystyka oraz właściwości krwi pozwalają przypuszczać, że ścieki zawierające wysokie stężenia tego płynu ustrojowego będą wydajnie degradowane techniką pogłębionego utleniania z zastosowaniem odczynnika Fentona.The paper presents possibility of Fenton reaction application in degradation processes of wastewater with large concentration of blood. Composition and character-istic make it possible to think that wastewater with large concentration of blood may be effectively treated by advance oxidation process with Fenton reagent. Iron included in blood can be potential source of Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions, catalysts of Fenton reaction. Proposed solution of blood coming from the meat industry neutralization is perspective, genuine and not described yet method based on advanced oxidation technique. Preliminary examinations and literature data let suppose it becomes the alternative, economically justified and effective technology of blood and wastewater with addition of body fluids neutralization. Effects of pollutants degradation with application of Fenton reaction assure: oxidation and coagulation of organic pollutants in wastewater with high concentration of blood, including removal putrescible substances; removal of odors; removal of biogenic compounds, mainly phosphorus; elimination of the red color. Other potential effects of advanced oxidation technique may concern: improvement in the sanitary properties of wastewater from the meat industry, through removal of pathogenic organisms and parasites; elimination or limiting the toxicity. Research in laboratory and technical scale showed that Fenton reaction is a effective method of wastewater with blood treatment. Decrease of organic compounds (COD) was about 70% in technical scale installation. There was used only 0.4 g Fe2+/dm3; 1.2 g H2O2/dm3 doses. Further research will confirm and substantiate the direct influence of blood composition and properties on the efficient course of Fenton reaction. It will be possible on its base to work out new pioneer technologies of utilization recycling of this fluid waste, but will also contribute to explaining chemical processes occurring in biological systems. It is very essential when taking into consideration, that many cellular mechanisms connected with free radicals and with their destructive influence on organelles remains solved insufficiently

Modernizacja historycznych zespołów mieszkaniowych w Pyskowicach

In an Upper Silesian town Pyskowice, there are three urban complexes: a historic center with traditionally arranged medieval buildings, a housing complex built before World War II for the needs of railway workers and a housing estate built in connection with a planned vast industrial investment for its workers in the socialist realism times. The first complex was subject to the slow transformations related to the cultural changes characteristic for the European culture. Despite the dramatic misfortunes, its 13th-century origins preserved. The two remaining complexes were built as houses for new economic investments. At present, the communities of the estates face the problem of how to further develop the ideological remnants of the estates on their own. A problem of functional integration of the housing complexes, designed as separate ones, occurred. The modernisation works, related to the town development, refer to the fields of town planning and architecture. They also make it possible to observe the technical and technological advancements of the times they were erected. The presented examples of the modernisation works throw light on the cultural awareness of the designers and investors of the times and their understanding of the importance of the notion of surrounding. The newly arising architectural forms demonstrate an interesting reference to the local tradition and the existing forms.W górnośląskim mieście Pyskowice, funkcjonują trzy zespoły urbanistyczne: historyczne centrum w tradycyjnym układzie średniowiecznej zabudowy, zespół osiedlowy wybudowany na potrzeby pracowników kolei przed II wojną światową oraz socrealistyczne osiedle mieszkaniowe powstałe w związku z planowaną dużą inwestycją przemysłową, jako zaplecze dla jej pracowników. Pierwszy zespół poddany został powolnym przemianom związanym ze zmianami kulturowymi charakterystycznymi dla europejskiej kultury. Mimo gwałtownych zdarzeń losowych zachowało się jego XIII -wieczne założenie. Dwa pozostałe zespoły powstały, jako zaplecza mieszkaniowe związane z nowymi przedsięwzięciami gospodarczymi. Obecnie, społeczności osiedli stają wobec konieczności samodzielnego zagospodarowania pozostałości ideologicznego programu swoich osiedli. Zaistniał problem integracji funkcjonalnej, projektowanych, jako odrębne zespołów osiedlowych. Działania modernizacyjne związane z rozwojem miasta dotyczą zagadnień z dziedziny urbanistyki, architektury oraz pozwalają obserwować ich ówczesne zaawansowanie techniczne oraz technologiczne. Przedstawione przykłady działań modernizacyjnych mogą dać pojęcie o świadomości kulturowej twórców i inwestorów oraz ocenić ich sposób rozumienia kontekstu otoczenia. Interesujące jest odniesienie powstających form architektonicznych do tradycji lokalnej oraz stosunek do form zastanych

Productivity of algal biomass in open reactor

Cele prowadzenia hodowli glonów zależą bezpośrednio od określonych potrzeb i zapotrzebowania ludzi. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, systemy stawów glonowych zostały opracowane początkowo jako wsparcie dla technologii oczyszczania wody. Biomasa odzyskana została przetworzona do metanu, który był głównym źródłem energii [2, 8]. Z upływem czasu biomasa glonowa stała się bardzo ważnym elementem żywnościowym w szeroko pojętej akwakulturze [7]. Ostatnio glony przyciągnęły wiele uwagi z powodu znacznego potencjału w produkcji kosmetyków oraz z uwagi na walory odżywcze. Organizmy te znalazły zastosowanie także w innych obszarach takich jak w systemy do produkcji substancji pozakomórkowych, jak również dla biosorpcji metali ciężkich [1]. Niektóre badania wykazały również znaczenie glonów w wiązaniu dwutlenku węgla.Algae may be a source to a few types of renewable biofuels, starting from methane produced in processes of anaerobic decomposition of biomass, through biodiesel produced from algae oil, and finally to photobiological production of hydrogen. Algae may be utilized indirectly for the production of biodiesel, bioethanol and biobutanol. The resultant biomass may further on be processed in a variety of technological pathways. Oil produced in various processes may be processed into fuel, whereas biogas may be exploited for energetic purposes. In addition, the biomass may be directly combusted to provide heat or electricity. Algae biomass contains approximately ca. 50% of carbon in dry matter. The demand for carbon dioxide accounts approximately for 183 tones per 100 tones of biomass produced. The temperature of culture should oscillate between 20 and 30°C. The only feasible methods of largescale production of algae biomass include production in racetrack type ponds and in tubular photo-bioreactors (PBRs). A racetrack type pond is a construction that is based on a number of loops made in a closed recirculation canal. The typical depth of a such a pond reaches 0.2÷0.3 m, however there are also some ponds having 0.5 m of depth. Processes of mixing and excitation of the flow in such a device proceed with the use of a paddle wheel. The flux is directed round the bends by two deflectors fixed in the flux of canal. Canals of the pond can be made of concrete or from pressed soil, and are ruled with white plastic. During sun exposure, the culture is fed continuously. Nutrients are delivered in front of the paddle wheel where the culture flux begins. The biomass produced is collected from a device ahead of the paddle wheel, at the end of a loop. The paddle wheel is operating perpetually to prevent biomass sedimentation. Ponds of this type have been commonly applied for culturing algae biomass in the 50-ties of the 20th century. An extensive experience has been built based on the operation and engineering of race-tracks. The greatest facility of biomass production based on the racetrack covers the area of 440.000 m2 and is aimed at obtaining cyanobacterial biomass for food purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of algal culture in an open reactor. Studies on the use of open reactor to collect the algal biomass showed that there is a possibility of its effective propagation and storage. During the experiment, the content of the biomass in the reactor has increased six times. The rate of biomass growth was variable. An important factor limiting growth was the concentration of algae in the solution. Two concentration limits were found at which the growth restriction was followed, first at about 1000 mg d.m.o./l, and then at 1450 mg d.m.o./l. The rate of biomass growth is depending on rate of nutrients removal. In the assumed conditions of the experiment concentrations of phosphorus proved to be limiting