Potential and limitations of plant virus epidemiology: lessons from the Potato virus Y pathosystem

Abstract Plant virus epidemiology provides powerful tools to investigate key factors that contribute to virus epidemics in agricultural crops. When successful, epidemiological approaches help to guide decisions regarding plant protection strategies. A recent example is epidemiological research on Potato virus Y (PVY) in Finnish seed potato production; this study led to the dentification of the main PVY vector species and helped to determine the timing of virus transmission. However, pathosystems rarely allow research to produce such clear-cut results. In fact, the notorious complexity of plant virus pathosystems, with multiple interactions between virus, vector, plant and environment, makes them often impenetrable even for advanced epidemiological models. This dynamic complexity questions the universal validity of employing epidemiological models that attempt to single out key factors in plant virus epidemics. Therefore, a complementary approach is needed that acknowledges the partly indeterministic nature of complex and evolving pathosystems. Such an approach is the use of diversity, imploying functionally complementary elements that can jointly buffer against environmental changes. I argue that for a wider range of plant production problems, the strategy of combining mechanistic and diversity-based approaches will provide potent and sustainable solutions. In addition, to translate insights from plant virus epidemiology into practice, improvements need to be made in knowledge transfer, both within the scientific community and between researchers and practitioners. Finally, moving towards more appropriate virus control strategies is only possible if economic interests of all stakeholders are in line with changing current practices

There is nothing like an oat

The items reports on first year trials in of the “Quoats” project. It’s well known that oats are generally a good fit in organic rotations and the “Quoats” project – Harnessing new technologies for sustainable oat production and utilisation – aims to make them even better. This five year (2009 – 2014) research project, led by IBERS, Aberystwyth University, brings together a wide range of organisations in the supply chain, from breeders to end-users, to improve the quality and performance of oats. As part of the project, ORC is carrying out field trials to assess the suitability of new oat lines for organic management systems, with particular emphasis on nutrient use efficiency. Eight varieties are being trialled at Wakelyns Agroforestry, Suffolk, including some naked oats, i.e. hull-less oats. The paper reports some first results

Legume Pick ‘n’ Mix

In Spring 2009, ORC set up a legume trial on an organic farm, Barrington Park in Gloucestershire, as part of a large research project called Legume LINK. One of its aims is to compare the performance of several legume and grass species for use in fertility building leys. ORC researchers Thomas Döring and Oliver Crowley report that the trial shows the advantage of mixing species grows over time

Using minimum tillage to improve the efficiency of ecosystem service delivery on organic farms

Organic farming practices aim to maximise the delivery of ecosystem services in the agricultural landscape. However, in order to maintain optimal crop productivity the mouldboard plough is often used to control weeds and this can have negative effects on a range of soil parameters, thereby jeopardizing delivery of these services. Reduced tillage (RT) can be beneficial to soils and could improve both the efficiency of production and the delivery of ecosystem services on organic farms. However, abandoning the plough on organic farms is challenging due to impaired weed control. Here we report on a two year trial where an RT system with the Ecodyn, with duck feet shares operating at a depth of 7.6 cm in combination with seed drilling, was compared with mouldboard ploughing. Spring oat and spring barley establishment was improved under RT. Weed cover and biomass was greater under RT, but there was no difference in cereal grain yields in either year. The RT system used 71% less fuel and tillage operations took 72% less time that the plough system

Oat variety characteristics for suppressing weeds

Oats are a valuable food source and useful in the crop rotation both in organic and conventional farming systems, partly because of their excellent weed suppression ability. Thomas Döring, Louisa Winkler and Nick Fradgley report new results that show how plant breeding can make oats even better

Against the grain

An Organic Research Centre project is examining how diversity-based tools can assist in the on-farm improvement of organic wheat. Successful organic crop production requires varieties that are resistant to diseases, competitive against weeds, and effective at scavenging nutrients. Yet conventional plant breeding has largely neglected organic systems by breeding varieties exclusively for high input conditions. As a consequence, organic producers currently do not have enough choice of plant varieties for organic conditions. One way to expand the choice is to create plant diversity anew and subject it to natural selection on organic farms. After several generations the dominating plants would be better suited to organic systems. This idea is being tested in the Organic Research Centre’s Wheat Breeding LINK project

Straw mulch in organically grown potatoes - evaluation and optimisation for virus vector control

1. In order to evaluate effects of straw mulch applied at 2.5 – 5 t ha-1 in organically grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), 21 field experiments were conducted over five years at two locations Northern Hessen and Southern Niedersachsen, Germany). The experimental sites were characterised by temperate climate conditions (635 – 709 mm precipitation year-1; 8.1°C mean air temperature) and loamy silt soils. The main focus of the study was on aphids and the aphidtransmitted Potato virus Y (PVY). This disease is a main problem in seed potato production. In addition to virus and vectors, associated agronomic effects of straw mulch were studied. 2. Straw mulch significantly reduced the incidence of PVY. It was most effective as a protectant for young plants against PVY, thus when a high vector pressure occurred early in the year. Combined mulching and presprouting (chitting) had a synergistic effect on the reduction of PVY incidence, with mulching affecting early vectors while the chitted plants exhibited adult plant resistance earlier, thus protecting from late occurring vectors. 3. Straw mulch reduced aphid infestation on potato leaves and populations of potato-colonising aphids, but did not affect population growth rates. Scaling up the area mulched stepwise from 100 m² to 900m² consistently kept aphid infestation at reduced levels. 4. In a small scale experiment, straw mulch resulted in a reduction of the number of winged aphids landing in green water traps, compared to traps placed on bare soil; this effect was significant with amounts of 200 g straw m-2 and ≥ 400 g m-2, but increasing the straw quantity beyond 200 g m-2 did not cause a further significant aphid reduction. 5. In two further field experiments in 2003, aphid landing in green water traps placed on various backgrounds was tested, including differently coloured plastic sheets, straw and uncovered soil as backgrounds. Aphid catches were highest in traps on uncovered background (soil), and lowest in traps on white or silver backgrounds. For seven aphid species there was a negative correlation between UV-reflectance (320 – 400 nm) of backgrounds and log(N+1)-transformed number of individuals. However, the effect of straw mulch (reduced aphid catches with straw compared to soil), could not be attributed to differences in UV-reflectance, as the UV reflectance was almost identical in soil and straw. 6. Tuber yield and tuber size distribution were not influenced significantly or in a uniform direction by straw mulch application in eleven field experiments, conducted over four years. 7. There was no consistent effect of straw mulch on weed parameters as number of weeds, weed cover and above-ground biomass of weeds. 8. The fact that yield and weed development were not significantly affected by straw mulch is largely attributed to the relatively low amounts of straw applied, which were chosen for the primary purpose of vector control. 9. The risk of undesirable post harvest N-leaching was reduced by straw mulch due to the immobilisation of nitrate-N after harvest at 6.8 – 7.0 kg N t-1 straw in two experiments (18 – 34 kg NO3–N ha-1). 10. Soil erosion was greatly reduced (by >97 %) in a rain simulation experiment on a 8 % sloping potato field with 20 % crop cover. 11. Severity of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) was estimated in five of the experiments at 3 – 7 dates per experiment. Straw mulch had no significant effect on late blight severity, measured as relative area under the disease progress curve, in any of the experiments, but a trend reducing late blight by straw mulch was observed in all five experiments. 12. Infestation with sclerotia of black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) on harvested tubers, assessed on 100 – 220 tubers per plot, was not influenced consistently by straw mulch, with effects being nonsignificant in eight out of nine experiments. 13. Effects of straw mulch on microclimate, measured in one field experiment, were dependent on the time of the day, with the air in mulched plots being moister and cooler at night and dryer and warmer during the day. This effect was less marked in the period 4 – 6 weeks after mulching than in the fortnight directly after mulching. 14. Prospects and constraints of straw mulch application in organic potato production are discussed and parameters for optimisation are suggested

How Scientific Is Organic Farming Research?

Opening the third volume of this journal provides a re- newed opportunity to reflect on the current developments within the world of organic farming. As the most recent international data show, the organic sector continues to grow on a global scale, in terms of organic area, mar- ket share and number of producers [1]. Yet, for organic farming—as for any movement—expansion always en- tails the difficulty of maintaining identity. Achieving both, i.e. becoming ‘bigger’ and ‘better’, is the explicit goal of Organic 3.0 [2], the international initiative to advance and evolve organic farming. Launched in 2014, Organic 3.0 is now gaining increasing momentum, e.g. as a key topic at the upcoming Organic World Congress in India this autumn. The Organic 3.0 initiative proposes an am- bitious plan for promoting “a widespread uptake of truly sustainable farming systems” [2]. One of the suggested pathways to achieve the goals of Organic 3.0 is improved and extended research and development

Developing modern multifunctional agroforestry systems for sustainable intensification

Agroforestry is a land-use system that integrates trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock production. It has been identified by the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD, 2008) as a ‘win-win’ approach that balances the production of commodities (food, feed, fuel, fibre, etc.) with non-commodity outputs such as environmental protection and cultural and landscape amenities. This paper will review the potential of agroforestry as part of a multifunctional working landscape in temperate regions, and will consider management and policy implications of widespread adoption of this form of land-use

Pion photoproduction in a dynamical coupled-channel model

Pion photoproduction reactions are investigated in a dynamical coupled-channel approach based on the Juelich pi-N model, which presently includes the hadronic pi-N and eta-N stable channels as well as the pi-Delta, sigma-N and rho-N effective channels. This model has been quite successful in the description of pi-N to pi-N scattering for center-of-mass energies up to 1.9 GeV. The full pion photoproduction amplitude is constructed to satisfy the generalized Ward-Takahashi identity and hence, it is fully gauge invariant. The calculated differential cross sections and photon spin asymmetries up to 1.65 GeV center-of-mass energy for the reactions gamma p to pi+ n, gamma p to pi0 p and gamma n to pi- p are in good agreement with the experimental data.Comment: Invited talk given at 12th International Conference on Meson-Nucleon Physics and the Structure of the Nucleon (MENU2010), Williamsburg, USA, May 31-June 4 201