Prebiotic properties of non-fructosylated α-galactooligosaccharides from PEA (Pisum sativum L.) using infant fecal slurries

The interest for naturally-occurring oligosaccharides from plant origin having prebiotic properties is growing, with special focus being paid to supplemented products for infants. Currently, non-fructosylated α-galactooligosaccharides (α-GOS) from peas have peaked interest as a result of their prebiotic activity in adults and their mitigated side-effects on gas production from colonic bacterial fermentation. In this study, commercially available non-fructosylated α-GOS from peas and β-galactooligosaccharides (β-GOS) derived from lactose were fermented using fecal slurries from children aged 11 to 24 months old during 6 and 24 h. The modulatory effect of both GOS on different bacterial groups and bifidobacteria species was assessed; non-fructosylated α-GOS consumption was monitored throughout the fermentation process and the amounts of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) generated were analyzed. Non-fructosylated α-GOS, composed mainly of manninotriose and verbascotetraose and small amounts of melibiose, were fully metabolized and presented remarkable bifidogenic activity, similar to that obtained with β-GOS. Furthermore, non-fructosylated α-GOS selectively caused an increase on the population of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum and Bifidobacterium catenulatum/pseudo-catenulatum. In conclusion, non-fructosylated α-GOS could be used as potential ingredient in infant formula supplemented with prebiotic oligosaccharides.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, grant numbers AGL2017-83772-R and AGL2017-84614-C2-1-R (AEI/FEDER,UE); the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities grant number RTI2018-101273-J-I00 (JIN Program) and AGR2011-7626 from Junta de Andalucía

Legumes as food ingredient: characterization, processing, and applications

Editores: Jiménez-López, José Carlos (CSIC); Clemente, Alfonso (CSIC

A sustainable biotechnological process for the efficient synthesis of kojibiose

This work reports the optimization of a cost-effective and scalable process for the enzymatic synthesis of kojibiose (2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-α- d-glucose) from readily available and low-cost substrates such as sucrose and lactose. This biotechnological process is based on the dextransucrase-catalysed initial synthesis of a galactosyl-derivative of kojibiose (4-O-β-d- galactopyranosyl-kojibiose) followed by the removal of residual monosaccharides using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast treatment, and a thorough hydrolysis step with Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase. Depending on the final purification stage, i.e. extension of the yeast treatment or the use of preparative liquid chromatography, the purity of the produced kojibiose ranged from 65% to ≥99%, respectively. The moderately high yield achieved (38%, in weight respect to the initial amount of lactose) using this affordable synthesis process could expand the potential applications of kojibiose according to the bioactive properties that have been associated with this disaccharide, so far limited by its low availability. © the Partner Organisations 2014.This work has been financed by projects AGL2011-27884 and Consolider Ingenio 2010 FUN-C-FOOD CSD2007-00063, both from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), ALIBIRD 2009/AGR-1469 from Comunidad de Madrid and project POII10-0178-4685 from Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). M. Díez-Municio is supported by CSIC through the JAE-Pre Programme co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF). M. Herrero thanks MICINN for his “Ramón y Cajal” contract.Peer Reviewe

Kojibiose ameliorates arachidic acid-induced metabolic alterations in hyperglycaemic rats

Herein we hypothesise the positive effects of kojibiose (KJ), a prebiotic disaccharide, selected for reducing hepatic expression of inflammatory markers in vivo that could modulate the severity of saturated arachidic acid (ARa)-induced liver dysfunction in hyperglycaemic rats. Animals were fed daily (20 d) with ARa (0.3 mg) together or not with KJ (22 mg approximately 0.5 %, w/w diet). Glucose, total TAG and cholesterol contents and the phospholipid profile were determined in serum samples. Liver sections were collected for the expression (mRNA) of enzymes and innate biomarkers, and intrahepatic macrophage and T-cell populations were analysed by flow cytometry. ARa administration increased the proportion of liver to body weight that was associated with an increased (by 11 %) intrahepatic macrophage population. These effects were ameliorated when feeding with KJ, which also normalised the plasmatic levels of TAG and N-acyl-phosphatidylethenolamine in response to tissue damage. These results indicate that daily supplementation of KJ significantly improves the severity of ARa-induced hepatic alterations.M. H. thanks MICINN for his ‘Ramón y Cajal’ contract. This work was supported by grants AGL2011-25169, AGL2011-27884 and Consolider Fun-C-Food CSD2007-00063 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN, Spain). M. D.-M. is supported by the High Research Council of the Spanish Government (CSIC) through JAE-Pre Programme, co-funded by European Social Fund (ESF).Peer Reviewe

Impregnación de Quitosano con Lactulosa mediante fluidos supercríticos: estudio en scaffolds y microesferas

2 páginas, 1 figura.-- Trabajo presentado al "Flucomp 2011: V Reunión de Expertos en Tecnologías de Fluidos Comprimidos" celebrada en Burgos (España) del 15 al 17 de junio de 2011.Hoy en día, la utilización de la tecnología de fluidos supercríticos para la impregnación de polímeros naturales está recibiendo una atención cada vez mayor. El interés por la tecnología de impregnación supercrítica en matrices poliméricas se deriva de la oportunidad de utilizar las propiedades de los fluidos supercríticos para la preparación de nuevos materiales poliméricos con propiedades y beneficios adicionales.Peer reviewe

Supercritical CO2 impregnation of lactulose on chitosan: A comparison between scaffolds and microspheres form

Nowadays, the application of green chemistry principles in the production of new polymeric materials is receiving an increasing attention. In the present work, we have investigated the impregnation of chitosan with lactulose using supercritical fluids under various operating conditions, in order to improve the solubility of this natural polymer at neutral or basic pH. A comparison between chitosan scaffolds and microspheres is also presented; both chitosans were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The degree of impregnation was evaluated by quantitative gas chromatography (GC-FID) analysis and interactions chitosan-lactulose by ninhydrin method. The supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation proved to be feasible for both chitosan forms. The highest impregnation yield (8.6%) was obtained for chitosan scaffolds using the following impregnation parameters: continuous process, 60 min contact time, 14% (v/v) of co-solvent ethanol:water (95:5), depressurization rate equal to 3.3 bar/min, 100 bar of pressure and 100 °C. Under these conditions, Maillard reaction also occurred. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work has been financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project AGL2008-420 00941/ALI) and CSD2007-00063 FUN-CFOOD (Programa CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 421 2010) projects. M.H thanks the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (MICINN) for his 422 “Ramón y Cajal” postdoctoral contract.Peer Reviewe

Structural differences of prebiotic oligosaccharides influence their capability to enhance iron absorption in deficient rats

This study evaluates the influence of novel galacto-oligosaccharides derived from lactulose (GOS-Lu), kojibiose or 4′-galactosyl-kojibiose in hematological parameters of Fe homeostasis using Fe-deficient animals. Liver TfR-2, IL-6, NFκB and PPAR-γ expression (mRNA) were also determined by RT-qPCR analyses, and active hepcidin peptide production and short chain fatty acids by LC coupled to MS/MS or UV detection. Feeding animals with GOS-Lu or kojibiose together with FeCl3 increased hemoglobin (Hb) production (by 17%) and mean Hb concentration into erythrocytes relative to animals administered with FeCl3 alone (14.1% and 19.7%, respectively). Animals administered with prebiotics showed decreased plasmatic hepcidin levels, contributing to a higher intestinal absorption of the micronutrient. These data indicate that concurrent administration of these potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides together with a supplement of Fe ameliorates inflammation-mediated perturbations in the liver, according to the particular structure of the prebiotic compound, and result an attractive strategy to improve Fe absorption.JML and MD thank CSIC through JAE-Doc and JAE-Pre Programme, respectively, co-funded by European Social Fund (ESF). M. Herrero thanks MICINN for his “Ramón y Cajal” contract. This work was supported by projects AGL2011-25169, AGL2011-27884 and Consolider Fun-C-Food CSD2007-00063 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN, Spain).Peer reviewe

Síntesis enzimática y caracterización estructural de nuevos oligosacáridos derivados de sacarosa potencialmente bioactivos

Resumen del trabajo presentado en las I Jornadas Científicas CIAL Forum 2014, celebrado en Madrid el 5 de junio de 2014.La producción de nuevos oligosacáridos bioactivos suscita en la actualidad un gran interés debido a su posible uso como componentes funcionales en la industria alimentaria y farmacéutica. Entre las diversas estrategias empleadas para la producción de estos oligosacáridos, los procesos enzimáticos tienen un gran potencial, ya que normalmente presentan una alta especificidad por el sustrato, así como regio- y estereoespecificidad. En este trabajo se ha estudiado la obtención, vía síntesis enzimática, de varios carbohidratos que podrían presentar un potencial interés industrial, particularmente, en cuanto a su capacidad prebiótica. En general, estos oligosacáridos se han sintetizado mediante enzimas glicosiltransferasas (EC 2.4.1) producidas por bacterias lácticas con capacidad de catalizar reacciones de transferencia de la unidad de glucosa o fructosa de la sacarosa (donante) a una amplia gama de carbohidratos aceptores, dando lugar a rendimientos de síntesis elevados. Concretamente, en el presente trabajo, se describe la producción optimizada de oligosacáridos fructosilados derivados de lactosacarosa, rafinosa y maltosa, los trisacáridos lactulosacarosa y glucosil-lactosa, y el disacárido kojibiosa. Asimismo, también se discute la caracterización estructural (tipo de enlace, composición en monosacáridos y grado de polimerización) de los nuevos oligosacáridos sintetizados así como los posibles estudios que se planea llevar a cabo en un futuro próximo y que permitirán determinar la potencial bioactividad de estos oligosacáridos. Ambos aspectos permitirán profundizar en el conocimiento de la relación estructura-función, fundamental para el futuro desarrollo y posible comercialización de estos nuevos productos.Los autores agradecen la financiación otorgada por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España a través de los proyectos AGL2011-27884 y 2010 FUN-C-FOOD CSD2007-00063. M.D.-M. agradece al CSIC la concesión de una beca JAE-predoc. M.H. agradece al MICINN la concesión de un contrato “Ramón y Cajal”.Peer reviewe

Synthesis and characterization of a potential prebiotic trisaccharide from cheese whey permeate and sucrose by Leuconostoc mesenteroides dextransucrase

The production of new bioactive oligosaccharides is currently garnering much attention for their potential use as functional ingredients. This work addresses the enzymatic synthesis and NMR structural characterization of 2-α-d-glucopyranosyl-lactose derived from sucrose:lactose and sucrose:cheese whey permeate mixtures by using a Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase. The effect of synthesis conditions, including concentration of substrates, molar ratio of donor/acceptor, enzyme concentration, reaction time, and temperature, on the formation of transfer products is evaluated. Results indicated that cheese whey permeate is a suitable material for the synthesis of 2-α-d-glucopyranosyl-lactose, giving rise to yields around 50% (in weight respect to the initial amount of lactose) under the optimum reaction conditions. According to its structure, this trisaccharide is an excellent candidate for a new prebiotic ingredient, due to the reported high resistance of α-(1→2) linkages to the digestive enzymes in humans and animals, as well as to its potential selective stimulation of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine mainly attributed to the two linked glucose units located at the reducing end that reflects the disaccharide kojibiose (2-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucose). These findings could contribute to broadening the use of important agricultural raw materials, such as sucrose or cheese whey permeates, as renewable substrates for enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides of nutritional interest.This work has been financed by projects POII10-0178-4685 from Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and European regional development fund (ERDF) and projects AGL2011-27884 and Consolider Ingenio 2010 FUN-C-FOOD CSD2007-00063 both from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. M.D.-M. thanks CSIC for a JAE predoctoral fellowship.Peer Reviewe

Synthesis of novel bioactive lactose-derived oligosaccharides by microbial glycoside hydrolases

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.Prebiotic oligosaccharides are increasingly demanded within the Food Science domain because of the interesting healthy properties that these compounds may induce to the organism, thanks to their beneficial intestinal microbiota growth promotion ability. In this regard, the development of new efficient, convenient and affordable methods to obtain this class of compounds might expand even further their use as functional ingredients. This review presents an overview on the most recent interesting approaches to synthesize lactose-derived oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic activity paying special focus on the microbial glycoside hydrolases that can be effectively employed to obtain these prebiotic compounds. The most notable advantages of using lactose-derived carbohydrates such as lactosucrose, galactooligosaccharides from lactulose, lactulosucrose and 2-α-glucosyl-lactose are also described and commented.This work has been supported by projects AGL2011-27884 and Consolider Ingenio 2010 FUN-C-FOOD CSD2007-00063 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, project POII10-0178-4685 from Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and ALIBIRD-CM S2009/AGR-1469 from Comunidad de Madrid.Peer Reviewe