Análisis de modelos de gestión del conocimiento

Within the academic literature there are different models to manage knowledge both empirically and theoretically, where various ways of creating, capturing, disseminating and applying knowledge are evident, as a fundamental basis for the development of any type of organization. . However, some inconsistencies and gaps in the models for managing knowledge in organizations were identified. The purpose of the research is to analyze the different models of knowledge management both applied to organizations and theoretical, based on the background of this area of ​​knowledge. The methodology used consisted of carrying out a systematic review of the literature in bibliographic databases. It was concluded that for a knowledge management model it is necessary to take into account the particular practices of each organization and implement stages that promote greater learning, innovation, participation among collaborators, with the purpose of generating value and competitive advantages for the organization.Dentro de la literatura académica se encuentran diferentes modelos para gestionar el conocimiento tanto de  manera empírica como teórica, en donde se evidencian diversas formas de hacer la creación, captura, difusión y aplicación del conocimiento, como base fundamental para el desarrollo de cualquier tipo de organización.  Sin embargo, se identificaron algunas inconsistencias y vacíos en los modelos para gestionar el conocimiento en las organizaciones.  El propósito de la investigación es analizar los diferentes modelos de gestión del conocimiento tanto aplicados a organizaciones como de tipo teórico, tomando como base los antecedentes de esta área de conocimiento. La metodología utilizada consistió en realizar una revisión sistemática de literatura en bases de datos bibliográficas. Se concluyó que para un modelo de gestión del conocimiento hay que tener en cuenta las prácticas particulares de cada organización e implementar etapas que propendan por un mayor aprendizaje, innovación, participación entre los colaboradores, con los propósitos de generar valor y ventajas competitivas para la organización

Pronósticos de variables climatológicas mediante los modelos de punto de cambio y Holt-Winters.

This study analyzes a time series with daily historical data from January 1, 1989 to December 31, 2021 of the precipitation variable with a total of 12053 observations, these data are obtained from the Tunjuelito climatological station. For the research the records of the variable “precipitation” were taken into account, the objective was to analyze the trends, use the data up to December 31, 2020 to estimate a forecast for the year 2021 Holt-Winters method and the change point model, the observed data are compared with the predicted data. Finally, statistical tests are performed to contrast the degree of similarity of the data obtained from the forecasts with the observed data provided by the station. The results show that the data obtained from the change point model show higher accuracy and fit relatively well with the observed data. However, this study is considered preliminary and for the results to be considered conclusive they must be applied to a significant number of time series of meteorological variables.En este estudio se analiza una serie de tiempo con datos históricos diarios desde enero 1 de 1989 hasta el 31 de diciembre del año 2021 de la variable precipitación con un total de 12053 observaciones, estos datos son obtenidos a partir de la estación climatológica Tunjuelito. Para la investigación se tuvieron en cuenta los registros de la variable “precipitación”, el objetivo fue analizar las tendencias, utilizar los datos hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2020 para estimar un pronóstico para el año 2021 método de Holt-Winters y el modelo de punto de cambio, se comparan los datos observados con los pronosticados. Por último, se realizan pruebas estadísticas para contrastar el grado de similitud de los datos obtenidos a partir de los pronósticos con los datos observados arrojados por la estación. Los resultados demuestran que los pronósticos obtenidos con el modelo de punto de cambio evidencian una mayor precisión y se ajusta relativamente bien a los datos observados. Sin embargo este estudio se considera preliminar y para que los resultados puedan ser considerados como concluyentes de deben aplicar a una cantidad significativa de series de tiempo de variables meteorológicas

Pensamiento lateral, creatividad y emprendimiento

Lateral thinking is closely related to creative thinking and is open to anyone interested in new ideas. Objective: to establish the relationship between problem-based learning as a pedagogical intervention to identify proposals for entrepreneurial actions in order to develop lateral thinking in first semester students in university academic programs of business sciences and to establish its relationship with the development of their creativity. Method: multi-method approach combining qualitative research using ethnographic method with quantitative research through factor analysis with quasi-experimental field design. Results: Collaborative learning as a result of field work in the resolution of environmental problems develops creativity and the capacity to propose entrepreneurial ideas; students in the first semesters of business science programs show a favorable disposition to develop their creativity.  El pensamiento lateral, está muy relacionado con el pensamiento creativo y está abierto a todo aquel que se interese por ideas nuevas. Objetivo: establecer la relación entre el aprendizaje basado en problemas como intervención pedagógica para identificar las propuestas de acciones emprendedoras con el fin de desarrollar el pensamiento lateral en estudiantes de primeros semestres en programas académicos universitarios de ciencias empresariales y establecer su relación con el desarrollo de su creatividad. Método: enfoque multimétodo que combina investigación cualitativa utilizando método etnográfico con investigación cuantitativa mediante de análisis factorial con diseño de campo cuasiexperimental. Resultados: El aprendizaje colaborativo como resultado del trabajo de campo en la resolución de problemas del entorno desarrolla la creatividad y capacidad de proponer ideas emprendedoras, los estudiantes de los primeros semestres de programas de ciencias empresariales presentan disposición favorable para desarrollar su creatividad

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030