Changes in the Concentration of Carbonyl Compounds during the Alcoholic Fermentation Process Carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the source material and the applied S. cerevisiae strain on the concentrationsof carbonyl fractions in raw spirits. Acetaldehyde was the most common aldehyde found, as it accounted for 88–92% of the total amount of aldehydes. The concentration of acetaldehyde in maize, rye and amaranth mashes was highly correlated with fermentation productivity at a given phase of the process, and reached its highest value of 193.5 mg/l EtOH in the first hours of the fermentation, regardless of the yeast strain applied. The acetaldehyde concentration decreased over the time with the decreasing productivity, reaching its lowest value at the 72nd hour of the process. The final concentration of acetaldehyde depended on the raw material used (ca 28.0 mg/l EtOH for maize mashes, 40.3 mg/l EtOH for rye mashes, and 74.4 mg/l EtOH for amaranth mashes). The effect of the used yeast strain was negligible.The overall concentration of the analyzed aldehydes was only slightly higher: ca 30.3 mg/l EtOH for maize mashes, 47.8 mg/l EtOH for rye mashes, and 83.1 mg/l EtOH for amaranth mashes

Modyfication of the Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate Foams

The effect of polyethylene glycol 1500 on physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams has been studied. It was found that application of polyethylene glycol 1500 for synthesis of foams in amount from 0% to 20% w/w had an effect on reduction of brittleness and softening point, while the greater the increase in compressive strength the higher its content in foam composition was. Wastes from production of these foams were ground and subjected to glycolysis in diethylene glycol with the addition of ethanolamine and zinc stearate. Liquid brown products were obtained. Properties of the resulting products were defined in order to determine their suitability for synthesis of new foams. It was found that glycolysate 6 was the most suitable for reuse and its application in different amounts allowed us to prepare 4 new foams (nos. 25, 26, 27, and 28). Properties of foams prepared in this manner were determined and, on their basis, the suitability of glycolysates for production of rigid PUR-PIR foams was evaluated

Studies on utilization of the yeast strain I-7-43 - fusant between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces diastaticus in agricultural distillery.

The aim of our study was to determine the usefulness (in full-production scale under common technical conditions of agricultural distillery) of the agricultural yeast strain I-7-43 obtained by electrofusion of protoplasts and characterized by both the fermentative activity and ability to hydrolysis of starch. The fermentations of rye mashes were carried out with application of standard and limited to 90 %, 80 % and 70 % doses of saccharifying preparation i.e. glucoamylase San-Super 240 L (Novo-Nordisk). The control fermentations were carried out with application of the standard agricultural distillery strain As-4. It was found that under distillery conditions, the yeast strain I-7-43 was characterized by the high fermentative activity and dynamics of ethanol production comparable with the values obtained in the case of the standard strain As-4. Independently of the glucoamylase dose applied, the ethanol yield from starch was appropriate i.e. 61,7-61, 8 dm3/100 kg; after I day of fermentation 70-80 % of total alcohol quantity was produced and after II days 95-97 %, respectively. Our studies show that thanks to amolilytic abilities of fusant I-7-43, 30% of dose of saccharifying preparation can be saved under full-production conditions without detriment to technological effects of the spirit production process. The contents of aldehydes, methanol and acids in raw rye spirits were lower than the values permissible by Polish Standard. The positive results of verification of the fermentative activity and amylolitic abilities of the yeast strain I-7-43 in full-production scale empower us to implement it into the distillery practice.The aim of our study was to determine the usefulness (in full-production scale under common technical conditions of agricultural distillery) of the agricultural yeast strain I-7-43 obtained by electrofusion of protoplasts and characterized by both the fermentative activity and ability to hydrolysis of starch. The fermentations of rye mashes were carried out with application of standard and limited to 90 %, 80 % and 70 % doses of saccharifying preparation i.e. glucoamylase San-Super 240 L (Novo-Nordisk). The control fermentations were carried out with application of the standard agricultural distillery strain As-4. It was found that under distillery conditions, the yeast strain I-7-43 was characterized by the high fermentative activity and dynamics of ethanol production comparable with the values obtained in the case of the standard strain As-4. Independently of the glucoamylase dose applied, the ethanol yield from starch was appropriate i.e. 61,7-61, 8 dm3/100 kg; after I day of fermentation 70-80 % of total alcohol quantity was produced and after II days 95-97 %, respectively. Our studies show that thanks to amolilytic abilities of fusant I-7-43, 30% of dose of saccharifying preparation can be saved under full-production conditions without detriment to technological effects of the spirit production process. The contents of aldehydes, methanol and acids in raw rye spirits were lower than the values permissible by Polish Standard. The positive results of verification of the fermentative activity and amylolitic abilities of the yeast strain I-7-43 in full-production scale empower us to implement it into the distillery practice

Effect of Evening Primrose Oil-Based Polyol on the Properties of Rigid Polyurethane–Polyisocyanurate Foams for Thermal Insulation

The article presents the results of research on the synthesis of a new biopolyol based on evening primrose oil, and its use in the production of rigid polyurethane⁻polyisocyanurate foams intended for thermal insulation. The obtained biopolyol was subjected to analytical, physicochemical, and spectroscopic tests (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H NMR, 13C NMR) to confirm its suitability for the synthesis of polyurethane materials. Then, it was used for the partial replacement of the petrochemical polyol in the polyurethane formulation. Obtained rigid polyurethane⁻polyisocyanurate foams are characterized by a lower apparent density, brittleness, water absorption, and thermal conductivity coefficient λ. In addition, foams modified by biopolyols had a higher content of closed cells and higher aging resistance. The results of the conducted research showed that the use of the biopolyol based on evening primrose oil may be an alternative to petrochemical polyols. The research presented herein is perfectly consistent with the trends of sustainable development and the philosophy of green chemistry

Biodegradable, Flame-Retardant, and Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foams for Thermal Insulation Application

This article raised the issue of studies on the use of new bio-polyol based on white mustard seed oil and 2,2’-thiodiethanol (3-thiapentane-1,5-diol) for the synthesis of rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. For this purpose, new formulations of polyurethane materials were prepared. Formulations contained bio-polyol content from 0 to 0.4 chemical equivalents of hydroxyl groups. An industrial flame retardant, tri(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (Antiblaze TCMP), was added to half of the formulations. Basic foaming process parameters and functional properties, such as apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, absorbability and water absorption, aging resistance, thermal conductivity coefficient λ, structure of materials, and flammability were examined. The susceptibility of the foams to biodegradation in soil was also examined. The increase in the bio-polyol content caused a slight increase in processing times. Also, it was noted that the use of bio-polyol had a positive effect on the functional properties of obtained RPU/PIR foams. Foams modified by bio-polyol based on mustard seed oil showed lower apparent density, brittleness, compressive strength, and absorbability and water absorption, as well as thermal conductivity, compared to the reference (unmodified) foams. Furthermore, the obtained materials were more resistant to aging and more susceptible to biodegradation

PUR-PIR foam produced based on poly(hydroxybutyl citrate) foamed founded with different factories

A poly(hydroxybutyl citrate) p(HBC) was obtained. The product compound produced in the solution during esterification, was added to rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (PUR-PIR). The amount of petrochemical polyol in the foams was decreased in favor of the p(HBC) from 0.1 to 0.5 equivalent. The foams were foamed in two ways: with distilled water (W foams) and with Solkane 365/227 (S foams). The examination results of both foam series were compared. They showed that the foams foamed with water have higher softening temperature than the foams foamed with solkane. The retention values for both foam series are around 91–95%, and water absorption in the range of 0.7–3.2%. The anisotropy coefficient did not exceed 1.08 (the lowest value being 1.01)

New bio-polyol based on white mustard seed oil for rigid PUR-PIR foams

A new bio-polyol based on white mustard oil (Synapis alba) and 2,2′-mercaptodiethanol (2,2′-MDE) was obtained. The synthesis was carried out by two-step method. In the first stage, the double bond of the unsaturated fatty acid residues was oxidized, and in the second step the epoxy rings were opened with 2,2’-MDE. The properties of the obtained bio-polyol for application as raw material in polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (PUR-PIR) - hydroxyl number, acid number, density, viscosity, pH, water content, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR were investigated. Based on the obtained results, foaming formulations containing 0 to 0.6 R of the new bio-polyol were prepared. Significant impact of bio-polyol on apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, flammability, water absorption and thermal conductivity of polyurethane composites were noted. Modified foam had better functional properties than reference foam e.g. lower brittleness, better thermal insulation properties and better fire resistance