A dohányzás és az anyagi helyzet összefüggése serdülőkori és felnőttkori terhesség esetén

INTRODUCTION: Smoking occurs frequently during pregnancy, thereby putting mother and child at health risks. Low socio-economic status is a risk factor for smoking. AIM: To investigate the relationship between smoking and low income in teenage and adult pregnancy, which is an important measure of poor socioeconomic status. METHOD: The authors used subject-level data from the US NSDUH database, which contains information on pregnancies and smoking. RESULTS: Teenage pregnancy is associated with higher, whereas adult pregnancy with lower prevalence of smoking, compared to the age-matched female population. The association between income and smoking is age-dependent. Among adults there is an inverse relationship (high income -- low-risk of smoking), while in teenage pregnancy smoking increases with income. CONCLUSIONS: To investigate in teenage and adult pregnancy the relationship between smoking and low income, which is an important measure of poor socio-economic status. Higher socioeconomic status may be associated with risky behaviour, thereby increasing both the risk of smoking and early pregnancy

A dohányzás és az alkoholfogyasztás együttes előfordulásának összefüggései a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitás-zavar tüneteivel kilencedik osztályos tanulók körében

Absztrakt Bevezetés: A figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitás-betegség korábbi vizsgálatok eredményei alapján összefüggésben áll a serdülőkori dohányzással és alkoholfogyasztással, azok kockázati tényezőjének tekinthető. Mivel a felnőttkorban kialakuló szenvedélybetegségek erős prediktora a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitás-betegség, valamint a serdülőkori dohányzás és alkoholfogyasztás is, a később kialakuló addiktív problémák megelőzése szempontjából fontos a serdülőkori összefüggések vizsgálata. Célkitűzés: A figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitás-betegség tüneteinek és az együttesen előforduló dohányzás és alkoholhasználat összefüggéseinek feltárása 9. osztályos serdülők körében. Módszer: A budapesti állami fenntartású középiskolák 9. osztályába járó fiatalok körében 944 elemű reprezentatív mintán általánosított lineáris kevert modellelemzéseket és logisztikusregresszió-elemzéseket végeztek. Eredmények: A jelenlegi dohányzás prevalenciája 29,6%, a jelenlegi alkoholfogyasztásé 41,4%, míg a két szer együttes használatáé 21,7% volt. Az alkoholfogyasztás és a dohányzás szignifikáns pozitív összefüggést mutatott a Figyelemhiányos-Hiperaktivitás Zavar Skála pontszámaival, valamint a Figyelemzavar és a Hiperaktivitás/Impulzivitás Alskála pontszámaival. Következtetések: Az eredmények felhívják a figyelmet a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitás-betegség tüneteinek szerepére az alkoholfogyasztás és dohányzás kialakulása szempontjából veszélyeztetett serdülők körében. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(43), 1750–1757

Virtual Affinity Fingerprints for Target Fishing: A New Application of Drug Profile Matching

We recently introduced Drug Profile Matching (DPM), a novel virtual affinity fingerprinting bioactivity prediction method. DPM is based on the docking profiles of ca. 1200 FDA-approved small-molecule drugs against a set of nontarget proteins and creates bioactivity predictions based on this pattern. The effectiveness of this approach was previously demonstrated for therapeutic effect prediction of drug molecules. In the current work, we investigated the applicability of DPM for target fishing, i.e. for the prediction of biological targets for compounds. Predictions were made for 77 targets, and their accuracy was measured by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Robustness was tested by a rigorous 10-fold cross-validation procedure. This procedure identified targets (N = 45) with high reliability based on DPM performance. These 45 categories were used in a subsequent study which aimed at predicting the off-target profiles of currently approved FDA drugs. In this data set, 79% of the known drug-target interactions were correctly predicted by DPM, and additionally 1074 new drug-target interactions were suggested. We focused our further investigation on the suggested interactions of antipsychotic molecules and confirmed several interactions by a review of the literature

A meta-analysis of the Val158Met COMT polymorphism and violent behavior in Schizophrenia

We conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining the association between the Val158Met COMT polymorphism and violence against others in schizophrenia. A systematic search current to November 1, 2011 was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest, and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service and identified 15 studies comprising 2,370 individuals with schizophrenia for inclusion. Bivariate analyses of study sensitivities and specificities were conducted. This methodology allowed for the calculation of pooled diagnostic odds ratios (DOR). Evidence of a significant association between the presence of a Met allele and violence was found such that men's violence risk increased by approximately 50% for those with at least one Met allele compared with homozygous Val individuals (DOR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.05-2.00; z = 2.37, p = 0.02). No significant association between the presence of a Met allele and violence was found for women or when outcome was restricted to homicide. We conclude that male schizophrenia patients who carry the low activity Met allele in the COMT gene are at a modestly elevated risk of violence. This finding has potential implications for the pharmacogenetics of violent behavior in schizophrenia

Disturbances in Response Inhibition and Emotional Processing as Potential Pathways to Violence in Schizophrenia: A High-Density Event-Related Potential Study

OBJECTIVE: Increased susceptibility to emotional triggers and poor response inhibition are important in the etiology of violence in schizophrenia. Our goal was to evaluate abnormalities in neurophysiological mechanisms underlying response inhibition and emotional processing in violent patients with schizophrenia (VS) and 3 different comparison groups: nonviolent patients (NV), healthy controls (HC) and nonpsychotic violent subjects (NPV). METHODS: We recorded high-density Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and behavioral responses during an Emotional Go/NoGo Task in 35 VS, 24 NV, 28 HC and 31 NPV subjects. We also evaluated psychiatric symptoms and impulsivity. RESULTS: The neural and behavioral deficits in violent patients were most pronounced when they were presented with negative emotional stimuli: They responded more quickly than NV when they made commission errors (ie, failure of inhibition), and evidenced N2 increases and P3 decreases. In contrast, NVs showed little change in reaction time or ERP amplitude with emotional stimuli. These N2 and P3 amplitude changes in VSs showed a strong association with greater impulsivity. Besides these group specific changes, VSs shared deficits with NV, mostly N2 reduction, and with violent nonpsychotic subjects, particularly P3 reduction. CONCLUSION: Negative affective triggers have a strong impact on violent patients with schizophrenia which may have both behavioral and neural manifestations. The resulting activation could interfere with response inhibition. The affective disruption of response inhibition, identified in this study, may index an important pathway to violence in schizophrenia and suggest new modes of treatment

Comparative effectiveness of depot and oral second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: A nationwide study in Hungary.

We conducted a nationwide, full-population based investigation to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of all marketed second generation antipsychotic drugs (SGA) prescribed for outpatients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia in Hungary. Using the national central register, our observational follow-up study included all patients with schizophrenia or related disorder between 01/01/2006 and 30/06/2008. The study cohort comprised 9567 patients who started new SGA during the inclusion period (01/07/2007-30/06/2008). All-cause medication discontinuation of 8 SGAs (1 depot and 7 oral formulations) marketed during the inclusion period, and the time to all-cause discontinuation were the main outcomes. Statistical models included the Kaplan-Meier and the Cox proportional hazards models with propensity score adjustment. Patients treated with a depot formulation risperidone had the longest time to discontinuation with a median of 215 days (95%CI:181-242 days), which was statistically significantly different compared to patients treated with the rest of the medications: olanzapine (136 days, 95%CI:121-153 days), aripiprazole (102 days, 95%CI:81-126 days), ziprasidone (93 days, 95%CI:82-119 days), quetiapine (89 days, 95%CI:81-100 days), clozapine (76 days, 95%CI:54-92 days), amisulpride (73 days, 95%CI:62-85 days), and risperidone (55 days, 95%CI: 41-63 days). Our results in Hungary are partly similar to those of a recent register-based study in Finland with patients who were discharged from their first hospitalization for schizophrenia (Tiihonen et al., 2006, 2011); namely the median times to all-cause medication discontinuation were <120 days for the majority of the oral SGA. In terms of medication differences, our data support the superior effectiveness of the depot formulation regarding all-cause discontinuation, followed by olanzapine at the efficacy rank order

The Problem of Glutathione Determination: a Comparative Study on the Measurement of Glutathione from Plant Cells

The level and redox status of glutathione is a good indicator for the rate of oxidative stress and eco-toxicological injury in plant cells and subcellular organelles. Thus the determination of GSH and its redox status has special importance. A variety of spectrophotometric and HPLC methods are available to measure glutathione (GSH). The spectrophotometric DTNB-GSH recycling assay is specific due to the application of glutathione reductase, it is rather quick and easy to perform, not surprising that it is rather popular. In the present study we make an attempt to compare the DTNB-GSH recycling assay and the more sophisticated, but difficult monochlorobimane (mBCl)-HPLC method to choose the one that best suits for eco-toxicological and plant stress investigations. We found that the acidification by sulphosalicylic acid (SSA) used for the stabilization of samples for DTNB-GSH recycling assay gives lower efficiency to this method than the formation of mBCl-GSH fluorescent conjugate. The measurable GSH contents were lower in the case of DTNB-GSH recycling assay than in the case of GSH-mBCl conjugates determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The auto-oxidation could almost perfectly be prevented by the presence of mBCl in the organelle isolation buffer. Furthermore, this way the reduced GSH content of organelles could be determined much more precisely. However, it is worth to note that the application of mBCl significantly elevates the cost of GSH determination, especially in case of cell organelles