120 research outputs found
Liver osteodystrophy
Osteodystrofia wątrobowa, czyli zespół zaburzeń tkanki kostnej
spowodowanych chorobą wątroby, jest częstym powikłaniem
przewlekłych schorzeń tego narządu. Dochodzi do niej u ok.
20-100% pacjentów z przewlekłą chorobą wątroby zarówno
w miąższowych, jak i cholestatycznych chorobach wątroby. Patogeneza zaburzeń tkanki kostnej jest złożona i nie do końca
poznana. Wśród potencjalnych przyczyn osteodystrofii wątrobowej można wyróżnić zaburzenia wątrobowej hydroksylacji
witaminy D, zmiany w zakresie receptora dla witaminy D,
zwiększenie stężenia w surowicy parathormonu, niedobór insulinopodobnego czynnika wzrostu (IGF-1), hiperbilirubinemię,
hipogonadyzm, niedobór osteoprotegeryn, jatrogenny wpływ
farmakoterapii, zaburzenia wchłaniania witaminy D, wapnia
i fosforu, do którego dochodzi wraz z pogarszaniem się czynności wątroby. Klinicznie najistotniejszymi następstwami
osteodystrofii są bolesność oraz złamania kości. Kalcytriol
- 1,25(OH)2D3 - jest aktywną formą witaminy D. Powstaje
w wyniku dwustopniowej hydroksylacji - do pierwszej dochodzi w wątrobie, natomiast do drugiej w nerkach. Kalcytriol
wpływa na komórki jelita cienkiego, czego efektem jest wzrost
wchłaniania wapnia z pokarmu, oraz pobudza uwalnianie wapnia z kości do krwi. Zaburzenia metabolizmu witaminy D mogą
być ważnym czynnikiem doprowadzającym do osteodystrofii.
Ponieważ jednak korelacja między metabolizmem witaminy D
a osteodystrofią wątrobową nie jest w pełni jasna, w artykule
zwrócono uwagę na inne, hipotetyczne czynniki biorące udział
w patogenezie osteodystrofii wątrobowej.Hepatic osteodystrophy, which is a disorder of bone
metabolism, is a common side effect among patients with
chronic liver diseases. It can be observed among
approximately 20-100% of patients with chronic liver disease,
both parenchymatous and cholestatic. The pathogenesis of
hepatic osteodystrophy is complex and still unknown.
Hypothetical causes of liver osteodystrophy can be
impairment of vitamin D liver hydroxylation, vitamin D
receptor, increased level of PTH in blood, decreased level of
IGF-1, hyperbilirubinaemia, hypogonadism, decreased level of
osteoprotegerin, effect of pharmacotherapy, impairment of
digestion of vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, present in chronic
liver diseases. Clinically the most significant after-effects are
bone tenderness and fractures. Calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3, is the
active form of vitamin D. It is produced due to a two-step
hydroxylation process, the first in the liver and the second in
the kidneys. Calcitriol acts on the cells of the intestine to
promote the absorption of calcium from food and on bone to
mobilize calcium from the bone to the blood. Disturbances of
vitamin D metabolism can be an important cause of liver
osteodystrophy. However, the correlation between vitamin D
and liver osteodystrophy is not very clear; thus we discuss in
our article other hypothetical causes of liver osteodystrophy
Lyme disease : review
Lyme disease is a multi-organ animal-borne disease, caused by spirochetes of
Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), which typically affect the skin, nervous system, musculoskeletal system and heart. A history of confirmed exposure to tick bites, typical
signs and symptoms of Lyme borreliosis and positive tests for anti-Bb antibodies, are the basis of a diagnosis. A two-step diagnosis is necessary: the first
step is based on a high sensitivity ELISA test with positive results confirmed by
a more specific Western blot assay. Antibiotic therapy is curative in most cases,
but some patients develop chronic symptoms, which do not respond to antibiotics. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the symptoms, clinical diagnosis and treatment of Lyme borreliosis
Decreased expression of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) gene in peripheral blood in patients with mild or moderate clostridioides difficile infection
Cytokines are mediators of inflammation induced in the course of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine playing an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the HMGB1 gene expression in the course of CDI. We have performed a prospective case-control study- including 55 adult patients, among them 27 with CDI, who were hospitalized from October 2018 to February 2020 and 28 healthy volunteers. We assessed: a complete blood count with differential leukocyte count, blood creatinine, albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Then, the expression of the HMGB1 gene was evaluated using quantitative Real-Time PCR. Patients with CDI were found to have a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil count, and CRP levels, they also exhibited decreased levels of albumin compared with controls. The HMGB1 gene expression was significantly lower among patients with CDI compared with the control group and significantly, inversely correlated with CRP level in blood. In conclusion, we have observed a decreased expression of the HMGB1 gene in peripheral blood of patients with mild or moderate CDI, which hypothetically could reflect their diminished capability to fight the pathogen
The effect of TCDD dioxin on the rat liver in biochemical and histological assessment
Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each. Two groups received different intraperitoneal doses of TCDD (0.75 and 8 μg) in DMSO solution and the third group (control) received only DMSO on days 0, 7 and 14. On day 21 the animals were sacrificed, and then blood tests, pathological examination and CYP1A1 activity measurement were performed. In rats that received a high dose of dioxin (8 μg) hepatic lobules revealed parenchymal degeneration and vacuolization of hepatocytes was observed, and also an increased CYP reaction was found in central parts of lobules, around the central vein. The reaction in control and low dose groups was weak. The resorufin level was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the group receiving a low dose of dioxin as compared to the control group. The study confirmed that TCDD damages the rat liver in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of high TCDD doses causing major liver damage also damaged CYP1A1 (based on higher resorufin levels in epiluminescence). TCDD activates CYP1A1, which was confirmed by increased immunohistochemical reactivity of central areas of hepatic lobules
Identification of lipid derivatives in Hep G2 cells
Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids results in biosynthesis of mediators with different physiological effects. These metabolites include prostaglandins, prostacyclins, isoprostanes and others that are important signalling molecules and regulate a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation. Prostaglandins and isoprostanes are produced by either non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation or by enzyme-induced peroxidation (cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases). They are used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation with added benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on HepG2 cells by using a UHPLC/MS-TOF method. This rapid and simple method was developed for the identification, separation and quantification of 8-iPGF3α, PGF3α, 8-isoPGF2α and 5-iPF2α in cultured cells. The UHPLC/MS-TOF method was validated. The calculated limit of detection was in the range of 0.16-0.50 ng/mL, precision (% RSD): 1.2-2.1% and recoveries better than 88%. This method empowered qualitative and quantitative analysis of the selected individual prostaglandins derived from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid from cell extracts
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