Primers used in this study, amplicon size and elongation time.

<p>Primers used in this study, amplicon size and elongation time.</p

Preliminary experiments results leading to the selection of day 3 post-infection (as shown by the red lines) as an appropriate study time point.

<p>A. Time course of mortalities in the LD50 infection model (n = 70, green line) and in the animals sampled for the gene expression studies (n = 36, blue line). B. Relative normalized gene expression levels (see text) time courses (y-axes use different scales for different gene targets).</p

Relative normalized gene expression levels and <i>Leptospira</i> burdens of the hamsters at day 3 post-infections and p-values according to outcome in the LD50 experiments.

<p>Relative normalized gene expression levels and <i>Leptospira</i> burdens of the hamsters at day 3 post-infections and p-values according to outcome in the LD50 experiments.</p

IFNγ, TGFβ and IL-6 gene expression levels at day 3 post <i>Leptospira</i> infection (relative normalized expression, see text).

<p>Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The insert shows the high variability observed in IL-6 gene expression levels.</p

Mean expression levels of differentially expressed genes (relative normalized expression, see text).

<p>Expression levels are shown at day 3 post-infection in the LD50 <i>Leptospira</i> infection (according to the outcome) and after the injection of a high dose of a virulent or the high-passage variant (A) and <i>Leptospira</i> burdens (B) in infected hamsters. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.</p

Number of cases of leptospirosis during 2004–2014 by age class and gender and average age specific annual incidence during 2007–2009 (age structure of 2008 census data used).

<p>Number of cases of leptospirosis during 2004–2014 by age class and gender and average age specific annual incidence during 2007–2009 (age structure of 2008 census data used).</p

Summary of publications reporting human leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1947–2017.

<p>Summary of publications reporting human leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1947–2017.</p

Summary of serology results.

<p>Results are reported at the serogroup level. Human studies include both clinical and seroprevalence studies, while animal studies are seroprevalence only. A specific serogroup is reported as present in a PI if it was reported from at least one study over the 1947–2017 period, meaning that studies classified as ‘weak evidence’ for leptospirosis were also included. For this reason, and because of the limitations of the MAT, results should be interpreted with caution.</p

Cumulated monthly cases of leptospirosis and average monthly rainfall in Futuna, 2004–2014.

<p>Cumulated monthly cases of leptospirosis and average monthly rainfall in Futuna, 2004–2014.</p

Number of cases by serogroup of infecting strain and year (N = 263).

<p>Number of cases by serogroup of infecting strain and year (N = 263).</p