Inflammation and fibrosis in skeletal muscle.

<p><b>Panel A:</b> Total macrophages (CD68⁺), and pro-inflammatory (CD68⁺/CD86⁺) and anti-inflammatory (CD68⁺/CD206⁺) macrophages were counted after staining in skeletal muscle. For CD68, and CD86 or CD206 markers, four and two non-consecutive entire sections per subject were respectively analyzed for 6 CT, 6 OIS and 5 OIR subjects. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. <b>Panel B:</b> Relative quantification of Col5A, Col6A, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1, mRNA expression in skeletal muscle (n_CT = 10, n_OIS = 11, n_OIR = 9). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and relatively to CT values, which were set at 1.0. <b>Panel C:</b> Western blot analysis of IκBα expression in skeletal muscle (n_CT = 10, n_OIS = 9, n_OIR = 9). The graph represents IκBα protein quantification after correction by α/β tubulin protein levels, used as an indicator of protein loading. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and relatively to CT values, which were set at 1.0. $ P_{OIR <i>vs</i>. CT} = 0.04.</p

Insulin response in SAT.

<p><b>Panel A:</b> Western blot analysis of P-Akt/Akt <i>ratio</i> in SAT with and without incubation with insulin (n_CT = 9, n_OIS = 10, n_OIR = 9). The graph represents P-Akt protein quantification after correction by total Akt protein levels, used as an indicator of protein loading. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and relatively to CT values, which were set at 1.0. § P_CT±insulin = 0.008; P_OIS±insulin = 0.002; P_OIR±insulin = 0.004. <b>Panel B:</b> Fold induction of P-Akt/Akt level in SAT after insulin stimulation. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. <b>Panels C and D:</b> Correlations (Spearman analysis) between insulin-stimulated P-Akt/Akt fold induction in SAT and HOMA_IR (C) or GIR (D).</p

Insulin response in skeletal muscle.

<p><b>Panel A:</b> Western blot analysis of P-Akt/Akt <i>ratio</i> in skeletal muscle with and without incubation with insulin (n_CT = 10, n_OIS = 11, n_OIR = 8). The graph represents P-Akt protein quantification after correction by total Akt protein levels, used as an indicator of protein loading. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and relatively to CT values, which were set at 1.0. § P_CT±insulin = 0.002; P_OIS±insulin = 0.002. P_OIR±insulin = 0.129. <b>Panel B:</b> Fold induction of P-Akt/Akt in skeletal muscle after insulin stimulation. Data are mean ± SEM. $ P_{OIR <i>vs</i>. CT} = 0.008 and # P_{OIR <i>vs</i>. OIS} = 0.0005. <b>Panels C and D:</b> Correlations (Spearman analysis) between insulin-stimulated P-Akt/Akt fold induction in skeletal muscle and HOMA_IR (C) or GIR (D).</p

Clinical and biological characteristics of the subjects.

<p>Clinical and biological characteristics of the subjects.</p

Levels of adipokines and markers of systemic inflammation.

<p>Levels of adipokines and markers of systemic inflammation.</p

Inflammation and fibrosis in SAT.

<p><b>Panel A:</b> Total macrophages (CD68⁺), pro-inflammatory (CD68⁺/CD86⁺), and anti-inflammatory (CD68⁺/CD206⁺) macrophages were counted after staining in SAT. For CD68, and CD86 or CD206 markers, four and two non-consecutive entire sections per subject were analyzed for 7 CT, 5 OIS and 6 OIR subjects. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. $: P_{OIR <i>vs</i>. CT} = 0.008. <b>Panel B:</b> Adipocyte average size (μm²) in SAT; 10–15 sections per subject were respectively analyzed for 4 subjects per group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. <b>Panel C:</b> Relative quantification of Col5A, Col6A, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 mRNA expression in SAT (n_CT = 10, n_OIS = 11, n_OIR = 9). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and relatively to CT values, which were set at 1.0.$ P_{OIR <i>vs</i>. CT} = 0.004. <b>Panel D:</b> Western blot analysis of IκBα expression in SAT (n_CT = 9, n_OIS = 8, n_OIR = 8). The graph represents IκBα protein quantification after correction by α/β tubulin protein levels, used as an indicator of protein loading. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and relatively to CT values, which were set at 1.0.</p