T1DM increases IA formation identified by the classification of aneurysmal changes compared with non-DM rats.

<p><b>A–C:</b> Elastica Van Geison staining: T1DM increases IA formation compared with non-DM rats. <b>D:</b> Quantitative data: The ratio of stage 1 and stage 2 of aneurysmal formations to total arterial number was significantly increased in T1DM rats (p<0.05). Arrows show a slight focal thinning and bulging of the arterial wall (Fig. 1B and C). Scale bar in A, 20 µm.</p

T1DM increases RAGE, MMP9 and TLR4 expression.

<p>RAGE, TLR4 and MMP9 is correlated with aneurysm formation in T1DM rats. <b>A–C</b>: RAGE (A), TLR4 (B) and MMP9 (C) immunostaining and quantitative data. T1DM significantly increased RAGE, MMP9 and TLR4 expression compared to non-DM rats. Arrows indicate the positive cells in the arterial wall. <b>D–F:</b> Double immunostaining ED1 with RAGE (D), TLR4 (E) and MMP9 (F). MMP9, TLR4 and RAGE expression is colocalized with ED1. Arrow heads indicate the positive cells in the arterial wall. <b>G–I:</b> Correlation analysis of aneurysm formation with RAGE (G), TLR4 (H) and MMP9 (I). Aneurysm formation significantly correlated with RAGE, TLR4 and MMP9 expression. Scale bar in A, D, 20 µm.</p

T1DM accelerates arteriosclerosis-like changes in cerebral arteries compared to non-DM rats.

<p>T1DM decreases the cerebral arterial diameter while increases the cerebral arterial wall thickness and arterioles occlusion in the cerebral parenchyma compared to non-DM rats. a-SMA immunostaining and quantitative data: A–C: Cerebral artery wall diameter and thickness in WT (A), 4 week T1DM (B) and 10 week T1DM (C) rats, D: quantitative data of arterial diameter, E: quantitative data of arterial wall thickness. F–H: Cerebral arterioles occlusion in WT (F), 4 week T1DM (G) and 10 week T1DM (H) rats. I: Cerebral arterioles occlusion quantitative data. Scale bar in A, F, 0.05 mm. Arrows indicate the occluded arterioles (G, H).</p

MOESM1 of Characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure waveform and craniospinal compliance in idiopathic intracranial hypertension subjects

Additional file 1. A Pressure-Volume curve (Subject Two) illustrating the two elastance regions. Compliance (inverse of elastance) in Region 1 and Region 2 calculated were 0.61 and 3.85 mL/mmHg, respectively. The starred points indicate the high compliance region

eNOS^-/- increased neurological functional deficits and axon damage, but not increased lesion volume in the ischemic brain 7 days after stroke.

<p>Axon density is positively correlated with the functional outcome. A: Lesion volume; B: Single pellet reaching test; C: Bielshowsky silver- staining in the bundles of striatum and quantitative data; D: pNFH-immunostaining in the striatal bundles and quantitative data. E: Correlation analysis between single pellet reaching test and axon density. Scale bar in C = 50 µm; in D = 25 µm. *p<0.05, n = 12/group</p

MOESM2 of Characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure waveform and craniospinal compliance in idiopathic intracranial hypertension subjects

Additional file 2. The presenting Humphrey Visual Field, FrisĂŠn Score, height and body mass index for all the subjects in the study

BDNF/TrkB mediates eNOS^-/- -induced neurite outgrowth reduction after OGD in cortical cell cultures.

<p>A: Western blot data for eNOS, BDNF and TrkB protein level; B: RT-PCR data for BDNF and TrkB mRNA level. C: Neurite outgrowth and quantitative data in cultured cortical neurons. *p<0.05, n = 6 well/group.</p

eNOS^-/- mice show significantly decreased BDNF and TrkB expression in the ischemic brain.

<p>A-C: BDNF-immunostaining and quantitative data in the IBZ; D-F: TrkB-immunostaining and quantitative data in the IBZ; G: Quantitative data of BDNF/TrkB-mRNA expression in the IBZ. H: BDNF, 140 KDa and 90 KDa of TrkB protein expression in the IBZ measured by Western blot and quantitative data; Scale bar in A = 50 µm; *p<0.05, n = 12/group in A–F, n = 4/group in G and H.</p

MOESM3 of Characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure waveform and craniospinal compliance in idiopathic intracranial hypertension subjects

Additional file 3. An example is shown of a series of CSF pressure (CSFP) waveforms of a single subject, measured with the passive drainage of CSF during the lumbar puncture procedure. As CSF pressure was reduced in this subject, the CSF pressure pulse amplitude was also reduced

eNOS^-/- decreased the number of oligodendrocytes and OPCs but not demyelination in the ischemic striatal bundles 7 days after stroke.

<p>A: MBP protein expression measured by Western blot and quantitative data; B: CNPase-immunostaining and quantitative data; C: PDGFRα-immunostaining and quantitative data. Scale bar in B = 50 µm, in C = 25 µm. *p<0.05, n = 4/group in A; n = 12/group in B and C.</p