Erythrina speciosa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) under soil water saturation: morphophysiological and grouwth responses.

Background and Aims Erythrina speciosa is a Neotropical tree that grows mainly in moist habitats. To characterize the physiological, morphological and growth responses to soil water saturation, young plants of E. speciosa were subjected experimentally to soil flooding. Methods Flooding was imposed from 2 to 4 cm above the soil surface in water-filled tanks for 60 d. Non-flooded (control) plants were well watered, but never flooded. The net CO2 exchange (ACO2), stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were assessed for 60 d. Soluble sugar and free amino acid concentrations and the proportion of free amino acids were determined at 0, 7, 10, 21, 28 and 45 d of treatments. After 28, 45 and 60 d, dry masses of leaves, stems and roots were determined. Stem and root cross-sections were viewed using light microscopy. Key Results The ACO2 and gs were severely reduced by flooding treatment, but only for the first 10 d. The soluble sugars and free amino acids increased until the tenth day but decreased subsequently. The content of asparagine in the roots showed a drastic decrease while those of alanine and g-aminobutyric increased sharply throughout the first 10 d after flooding. From the 20th day on, the flooded plants reached ACO2 and gs values similar to those observed for non-flooded plants. These events were coupled with the development of lenticels, adventitious roots and aerenchyma tissue of honeycomb type. Flooding reduced the growth rate and altered carbon allocation. The biomass allocated to the stem was higher and the root mass ratio was lower for flooded plants when compared with non-flooded plants. Conclusions Erythrina speciosa showed 100% survival until the 60th day of flooding and was able to recover its metabolism. The recovery during soil flooding seems to be associated with morphological alterations, such as development of hypertrophic lenticels, adventitious roots and aerenchyma tissue, and with the maintenance of neutral amino acids in roots under long-term exposure to root-zone O2 deprivation.200

Estímulo do comportamento fotoautotrófico durante o enraizamento in vitro de Annona glabra L., I. desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e da parte aérea Stimulus of the photoautotrophic behavior during the in vitro rooting of Annona glabra L., I. development of root system and shoot

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de induzir a estímulo do comportamento fotoautotrófico durante o enraizamento in vitro em brotações de Annona glabra L. Brotações oriundas de cultivo em tubos fechados com tampa e película de PVC (cultivo sem aeração), com tampa sem a película de PVC e tampão de algodão (cultivo com aeração) foram inoculadas em meio WPM suplementado com 4,9 µ M de AIB e 164,4mM de carvão ativado na presença (58,42mM) ou ausência de sacarose. Durante o enraizamento, foram mantidas as mesmas condições de vedação dos tubos de ensaio em que as brotações foram induzidas. Após a inoculação, os tubos contendo os explantes foram mantidos em sala de crescimento sob radiação fotossintética ativa de 45-56 µ mol.m-2.s-1 a 25&plusmn;3ºC. Os resultados mostraram que o enraizamento das brotações de A. glabra não dependeu do suprimento de sacarose no meio de cultura, em tubos fechados com o tampão de algodão ou tampa plástica sem PVC. A aeração dos tubos de ensaio trouxe incrementos de significativos (até 250%) na matéria seca radicular. A indução de raízes secundárias (laterais) em A. glabra só ocorreu em culturas com aeração, independentemente da presença ou ausência de sacarose no meio de cultura. Com os resultado desse experimento, conclui-se que o estímulo do comportamento fotoautotrófico em A.glabra pode ser obtido com sucesso durante a fase de enraizamento in vitro.<br>The objective of the present work was to evaluate whether Annona glabra L. shoots are able to acquire the photoautotrophic behavior during the in vitro rooting. In vitro A. glabra shoots originated from cultures in vessels sealed with cap and PVC film (culture without aeration), cap without PVC film or cotton tampon (cultures with aeration), were inoculated in WPM medium supplemented with 4.9 µ M IBA and 164,4mM activated charcoal in the presence (58.42mM) or absence of sucrose. During rooting, the same conditions in which shoots were induced were maintained. After inoculation, the tubes with explants were maintained in growth room under photosynthetic active radiation of 45-56 µ mol.m-2.s-1 and of temperature 25&plusmn;3ºC. The results showed that the rooting of A. glabra shoots do not depend on the supply of sucrose into culture medium, in vessel with aeration. Aeration of cultures brought expressive increments of dry weight of roots (up to 250%). The induction of secondary (side) roots was found only in cultures with aeration, independently of sucrose presence. One concluded that the acquisition of the photoautotrophic behavior in A. glabra may be obtained with success during the in vitro rooting phase

Relação entre o tempo de enraizamento in vitro e o crescimento de plantas de bananeira na aclimatização Relationship between the in vitro rooting time and the growth of banana plants in the aclimatization

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência do tempo de permanência em meio de enraizamento sobre o crescimento in vitro e ex vitro de plantas de bananeira. Como explantes, foram utilizadas brotações axilares provenientes do estabelecimento e multiplicação in vitro de ápices caulinares das cultivares Caipira (AAA), Preciosa (AAAB) e Japira (AAAB). Para o enraizamento, empregou-se o meio MS reduzido a 50% da concentração de sais, adicionado de 30 g.L-1 de sacarose, 1 mg.L-1 de AIB e 6 g.L-1 de ágar. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x4, com três cultivares (Caipira, Preciosa e Japira) e quatro períodos de enraizamento in vitro (7; 14; 21 e 28 dias), num total de 12 tratamentos. Ao final de cada período, a altura da parte aérea, o número e o comprimento de raízes foram avaliados, e as plantas, submetidas ao processo de aclimatização por 90 dias. Após esse período, as plantas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, número e comprimento de raízes, diâmetro do pseudocaule e massa seca de raízes, parte aérea e total. De modo geral, observou-se que a fase de indução de raízes nas brotações de bananeira in vitro ocorreu até os 14 dias de cultivo em meio de enraizamento, havendo apenas crescimento em tamanho das raízes após esse período. Entre as cultivares, verificou-se que, com exceção do diâmetro de pseudocaule, a cultivar Caipira apresentou crescimento vegetativo in vitro e durante a aclimatização (altura de plantas, número e comprimento de raízes e massa seca da parte aérea, raízes e total) superior às cultivares Preciosa e Japira. Após 21 dias de permanência em meio de enraizamento, a taxa de sobrevivência das plantas, observada em casa de vegetação, alcançou 100%, independentemente da cultivar testada.<br>The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of the exposition time to rooting medium on the in vitro and ex vitro growth of banana plants. As explants, new axillaries buds obtained from the in vitro establishment and multiplication of stem apices of Caipira (AAA), Preciosa (AAAB) and Japira (AAAB) cultivars were used. The MS medium with reduction to 50% of the salt concentration adding 30 g.L-1 of sucrose, 1 mg.L-1 of IBA, and 6 g.L-1 of agar was used to induce rooting. The treatments were analyzed in a 3x4 factorial design, with three cultivars (Caipira, Preciosa and Japira) and four in vitro rooting periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), given a total of 12 treatments. At the end of each period, the height of the aerial portion, and number and length of roots were assessed, and the plants were submitted to 90 days of acclimatization. After that, the survival, number and length of roots, pseudostem diameter, and dry weight of the roots, aerial and total portions of the plants were assessed. Generally, the root induction step in the in vitro banana budding occurred up to 14 days of cultivation in rooting medium, and after that, the roots grew only in length. Among the cultivars, it was verified that, with the exception of the pseudostem diameter, the Caipira cultivar showed superior in vitro vegetative growth, and during the acclimatization, the height of the plant, number and length of the roots, and dry mass of the aerial, roots, and total parts, were also superior to the observed in Preciosa and Japira cultivars. After 21 days on rooting medium, the survival rate of the plants in greenhouse reach 100%, in despite of the tested cultivar