High-temperatures corrosion of AISI 316L and AISI 430 steels in dynamic conditions with molten solar salt

ABSTRACT: Potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate in mixing proportion of KNO3–NaNO3 40-60 wt% (also called solar salt) has been successfully used for over a decade as a heat storage medium for concentrated solar power plants. At temperatures of 550 ºC, reached in state-of-the-art solar tower systems, corrosion of metallic components in contact with solar salt can become an issue and has caused leaks and plant shut-downs in recently built tower projects. While the corrosion rates of several materials have been determined for different temperatures in static molten salt immersion experiments, there is a lack of corrosion data for dynamic inservice conditions. Fluid dynamics and scale-up are two factors that can influence the corrosion phenomena. In this work, corrosion studies were carried out on austenitic stainless steel (SS) (AISI 316L) and ferritic steel (AISI 430) under dynamic conditions, with long-term immersion in solar salt, on a pilot scale. It was found that AISI 316L steel forming more adherent oxides, presented a significantly lower corrosion rate than the AISI 430 steel, due to the formation of a protective FeCr2O4 layer, making it less susceptible to corrosion. The measured corrosion rates are presented and compared to static corrosion tests.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A direct comparative study of the corrosion behaviour of Si-free and Si-rich slurry aluminide coatings in molten carbonate melts

ABSTRACT: This study is focused on the evaluation of the hot corrosion behaviour of two low-cost slurry aluminide coatings with and without Si addition deposited on ferritic-martensitic steels, comparing them with uncoated steel, after 1000-h of exposure to Li, K, Na molten carbonates at 650ºC, under static and dynamic conditions with a high linear velocity (1.3 m/s). Both coatings evidenced a high performance increase in comparison with uncoated substrates after exposure in both conditions. Both coatings behaved in a similar way according to the gravimetric results. However, after dynamic exposure, the Si-free aluminide maintained its morphology and composition after 1000 h with α-LiAlO2 as the only corrosion product while the Si-rich coating showed a higher attack extent in the outer part and developed a large quantity of voids at the coating/substrate interface, leading to substrate corrosion.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Corrosion and anticorrosive protection by painting of aluminum rolling stock

ABSTRACT: Due to its characteristics, aluminum and its alloys have been widely used in the manufacture of high-speed rolling stock. The series 4000 (Alfa Pendular service), manufactured by Fiat Ferroviaria (current Alstom), have aluminum alloy case structure, highlighting the 6082 alloy due to its good formability, with applications at structure level [1]. In operation since 1999, they are subjected to reactive maintenance and planned maintenance. Regarding maintenance related to the corrosion protection of structures, it is of particular importance to develop an appropriate specification and ensure that all tasks, with particular emphasis on those associated with surface preparation and corrosion protection by painting, are performed in accordance with improved practices to ensure longer service life. In addition to the conditions inherent to the service, the vandalism to which the material is subjected, foreign bodies that cause mechanical damages, various atmospheric conditions with environments of different categories of corrosivity, as well as accumulation of water/condensates or cleaning products/graffiti removers, are factors that contribute to the degradation of the material.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desenvolvimento de uma tinta espectralmente selectiva sensível à espessura (TSSS) para sistemas de conversão fototérmica

RESUMO: As tintas espectralmente seletivas surgem como alternativa aos revestimentos seletivos obtidos por métodos de deposição a vácuo para sistemas de energia solar térmica. Um dos benefícios da sua utilização é a possibilidade de recurso a técnicas de aplicação e manutenção mais simples, disponibilidade comercial a mais baixo custo e elevada durabilidade/proteção anticorrosiva. Existem apenas algumas tintas comerciais capazes de produzir revestimentos com elevado desempenho ótico e simultaneamente elevada estabilidade térmica. É urgente o desenvolvimento de soluções que evitem a diminuição da absortância solar e o aumento da emissividade térmica destes revestimentos e que simultaneamente não comprometam o desempenho anticorrosivo. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma tinta seletiva cujas características se enquadram neste tipo de revestimento seletivo, a serem aplicadas em sistemas de energia solar térmica para baixas-médias temperaturas, visando a melhoria do desempenho destes sistemas no que respeita tanto às propriedades óticas dos revestimentos, como à durabilidade de materiais e tempo de vida da tinta, considerando matérias-primas comercialmente acessíveis e técnicas de aplicação mais simples.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Avaliação da resistência à exposição atmosférica de madeiras termo-modificadas

RESUMO: Em sentido lato pode-se afirmar que a madeira sofre biocorrosão, o que constitui um fator limitante para a sua aplicação no exterior, caso não haja uma proteção adequada. A termo-modifcação é um dos métodos utilizados para aumentar a durabilidade da madeira. Uma das vantagens deste processo é que não requer qualquer tipo de adição de químicos. A temperatura utilizada no processo induz a alterações químicas dos constituintes da matriz celular que promovem o aumento da durabilidade aos agentes bióticos e abióticos, mas também provoca alterações nas propriedades mecânicas, nomeadamente a diminuição do módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e de rotura (MOR). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação da durabilidade da madeira termo-modificada de 3 espécies: o pinheiro-bravo (Pinus pinaster), a principal espécie utilizada pela indústria portuguesa de madeira sólida, a acácia (Acacia melanoxylon) e o freixo (Fraxinus excelsior). Amostras destas madeiras termomodificadas foram depois, expostas durante 2 anos em duas estações de ensaio representativas de dois ambientes diferentes, no Lumiar (ambiente urbano) e em Sines (ambiente marítimo/industrial). A avaliação da resistência da madeira à exposição atmosférica, incluiu a recolha de amostras ao longo de 24 meses de exposição e a análise das superfícies das amostras por espetroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) com acessório de refletância total atenuada (ATR) e por microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (SEM) com um espectrómetro de raios X de energia dispersiva (EDS) associado. Os resultados preliminares indicam um comportamento semelhante para todas as madeiras expostas em ambas as estações. Verificou-se, contudo, que embora se tivesse observado o aparecimento de fendas e de inúmeras partículas na superfície de todas as madeiras, houve uma maior incidência nas expostas em Sines (zona com maiores variações de humidade e temperatura), nomeadamente nas amostras de 9 meses, onde se observaram na superfície cristais de NaCl, devido à proximidade desta estação da orla marítima. Os espetros de FTIR-ATR indicam ter ocorrido diminuição do teor em hemiceluloses e de lenhina na superfície das amostras principalmente nas amostras recolhidas após os 24 meses de exposição, tanto em Sines como no Lumiar.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Corrosividade de sais de lítio para armazenamento de energia em centrais de concentração solar

RESUMO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a corrosão de um aço inoxidável em contacto com um fluido de transferência de calor alternativo, para que possa ser utilizado como material estrutural no sistema de armazenamento de energia térmica numa central de energia solar de concentração (CSP). A atividade experimental envolveu a imersão do aço AISI 316L, em condições estáticas, numa mistura de sal ternário com Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 (32,1; 33,4; 34,5 % m/m) durante 3000 h a 650 °C. A perda de massa ao longo do tempo de exposição é elevada com um aumento linear a partir das 120 horas de exposição. Através das técnicas SEM/EDS e DRX foi possível verificar a existência de várias camadas de óxidos com diferentes composições químicas, o que aliado ao aumento das suas espessuras ao longo do tempo, permitiu compreender os mecanismos de corrosão envolvidos. As amostras de sal retiradas ao longo do tempo foram caracterizadas por DSC e comparadas com a mistura pura de modo avaliar a sua estabilidade.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

FTIR, A POWERFUL TECHNIQUE IN ORGANIC COATINGS FAILURE DIAGNOSIS

Abstract FTIR spectrometry (Fourier Transform Infrared) is an instrumental technique of analysis that presents significant advantages on the dispersive traditional system, such as the increase of the relation signalnoise, the capacity of getting absorption spectra of low energy and therefore, bands of absorption of weak intensity. This technique is widely used in study, resin characterization and evaluation of polymeric materials as well as of its degradation when exposed to the most varied conditions of service, or still in the analysis and diagnosis of defects that occur during the application or production process. Techniques connected to the FTIR had more recently appeared as the photoacoustic (PAS-FTIR), the microscopy (MCT-FTIR) and the attenuated total reflectance (ATR), which allow to analyze weekly transparent and dark samples without removal of coatings from the substrates. The choice of the technique to use depends on the morphology of the surfaces to analyze and the type of failure in cause (lack of adhesion, contamination, aging degradation, etc). In this work the application of FTIR and techniques associates to the identification of the causes that had originated diverse types of defect in applied organic coatings on polymeric materials is presented

Hot Corrosion Behavior of Slurry Sprayed Aluminide Coatings in a Simulated Dynamic Molten Carbonate Environment [Comunicação oral]

ABSTRACT: One of the key challenges associated with the use of molten salts in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants is to reduce or even suppress corrosion phenomena occurring at elevated temperatures. Molten nitrate mixtures are currently seen as the most viable storage medium for Thermal Energy Storage. But the upper temperature limit of the currently used “Solar Salt” is restricted by salt decomposition at ~580ºC. Prieto et al. estimated that increasing the temperature to 650ºC could increase the solar-to-electric conversion up to 18.5%, so alternative salts operating at higher temperature are required. Molten carbonates which are less corrosive and allow an operation up to 800ºC are an appealing breakthrough for future CSP plants.N/

Comparison of descaling methods to study the corrosion kinetics of ferritic steels after dynamic exposure to molten carbonates

ABSTRACT: T91 ferritic-martensitic steel was exposed to Li, Na and K molten carbonates at 650??C under dynamic conditions up to 1000 h. After testing, three descaling methods, two from the ISO8407 and one from the ISO17245 stan-dards were applied to remove the corrosion products and determine the corrosion rates. The two ISO8407 methods were more appropriate although the procedure required several steps to fully remove the corrosion products. The ISO17245 method led to a higher mass loss affecting probably the base material. Oxides identi-fication was performed by XRD following step by step layers removal. Li-, Na-, K-containing oxides and chro-mates/chromites were detected.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The importance of developing accelerated tests on the reliability of solar absorber and solar reflector coatings

ABSTRACT: Selective absorber coatings for solar thermal collectors and reflector coatings for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants are the key components of these technologies and their durability is one of their most important characteristics. They should be low cost and withstand 20-30 years under different kinds of environments without significant loss of optical performance. Commercially, there are different physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings for aluminium absorbers and reflectors. Results obtained with two commercial PVD solar absorber coatings (SA) and two solar reflector coatings (SR), under different accelerated aging tests (AAT), are presented and correlated with outdoor exposure. An Outdoor Exposure Testing (OET) site with maritime and industrial influence was used for an exposure campaign of the absorbers and reflectors for two years. Alternative artificial aging tests are proposed for absorbers and reflectors that better reproduce the corrosion mechanism obtained in natural conditions with maritime and industrial influence. The characterization of the coatings and degradation mechanisms of different aluminium absorbers and reflectors were evaluated optically, morphologically and chemically. The results obtained in an atmosphere with high corrosivity as in marine and/or industrial areas are a reliable way to verify the corrosion resistance of new materials in a short time and are a valuable tool to validate the different methodologies of accelerated aging tests.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio