老年慢性病护理培训在提升社区护理质量中的作用探索

Objective: To explore the role of the elderly patients with chronic diseases nursing training in improving the quality of community nursing, in order to provide the research basis for its extensive application and popularization in the community medical system. Methods: Choose 46 young nurses (working time≤3 years) among 8 community health service centers which come from Lixia District of Ji'nan City in Shandong Province, and randomly divide them into the observation group and the control group, with 23 persons in each group. The training was conducted among the 23 young nurses who come from the observation group about the nursing care for elderly chronic disease. The training time lasted 14 days. The young nurses in the control group didn’t accept the training. After the training for the observation group, all the 46 young nurses will accept the examination, which includes two forms of written examination and operation examination. Then randomly select elderly patients with chronic disease who would be provided with nursing service by 46 young nurses, and ask them to fill in the questionnaire about the their attitudes to nursing service. Lastly contrast and analyze the average score of examination and the patients’ satisfaction between the observation group and the control group. Results: The average score of written test and operation of the observation group are higher than that in the control goup by 33.04%（22.6 pionts）and 31.34%（22.0 pionts）.The patients’ attitudes to nursing service of the observation group reaches 95.64%,and the patients’ attitudes to nursing service of the control group is 69.55%. The former is 26.09% higher than that of the latter. Conclusion: Through the community nursing education and training about the nursing care for elderly chronic disease, the young nurses can improve the knowledge level of elderly chronic diseases and nursing operation ability, enhance their professional quality, increase the satisfaction of patients to nursing service,and it lastly also can improve the quality and efficiency of community nursing education. To make a long story short, this methods aim to realize the three parties benefits which consist of the nurse individual, the community nursing system, and the elderly patients. It is worth to be widely used and promoted in the field of community nursing, and would achieve large-scale community nursing education about the elderly chronic disease. 目的  探索老年慢性病护理培训在提升社区护理质量中的作用和价值，为其日后在社区医疗体系中的广泛应用和推广提供研究依据。方法  于山东省济南市历下区范围内的8所社区卫生服务中心，选择46名年轻护士（工作时间≤3年），随机分为观察组和对照组，每组23人。对观察组的23位年轻护士进行老年慢性病护理的教学和培训，为期14天。对照组不接受培训和学习。观察组培训结束后，对所有46名年轻护士进行包括卷面笔试和操作考核两种形式的考核，并随机选择其提供护理服务的老年慢性病人，以填写对护士护理服务满意度调查表的形式，收集病人的反馈，将观察组和对照组的考核平均成绩、病人满意度进行对比和分析。结果  观察组笔试平均成绩、操作平均成绩分别比对照组高出33.04%（22.6分）、31.34%（22.0分），而观察组的平均总成绩是91.6分，比对照组的69.3分高出32.18%（22.3分）。观察组的病人总体满意率达到95.64%；而对照组的病人总体满意率为69.55%，观察组满意率比对照组高出26.09%。结论  通过进行老年慢性病护理的社区护理教育和培训，年轻护士能够提高慢性病专业知识水平和护理操作能力，提升自身职业素养，提高病人对护理服务的满意度，同时还能够提高社区护理教育的质量和效率，实现护士个人，社区护理体系和老年慢性病人的三方获益，值得日后在社区护理领域中广泛应用和推广，实现大规模的老年慢性病社区护理教育

Tradeable Spectrum Interference Rights

Spectrum rights have gained increasing attention since Ronald Coase pointed out that the most efficient way to assign spectrum is to give it to those users who value it most through property-like rights and secondary markets. Defining spectrum rights turns out to be difficult due to the nature of electronic emissions[1]. As a result, it may be more practical to define interference rights (similar to pollution rights) rather than exclusive usage rights. Interference rights give a user the right to interfere with another user up to a specified level. In this paper, we develop the idea of a market in spectrum interference rights and, using some plausible use cases, illustrate its characteristics. The paper therefore includes a detailed description of interference rights along with some first order quantitative modelling of the use cases coupled with qualitative analysis

Can Unlicensed Bands Be Used by Unlicensed Usage?

Since their introduction, unlicensed ISM bands have resulted in a wide range of new wireless devices and services. It is fair to say that the success of ISM was an important factor in the opening of the TV white space for unlicensed access. Further bands (e.g., 3550-3650 MHz) are being studied to support unlicensed access. Expansion of the unlicensed bands may well address one of the principle disadvantages of unlicensed (variable quality of service) which could result in a vibrant new group companies providing innovative services and better prices. However, given that many commercial mobile telephone operators are relying heavily on the unlicensed bands to manage growth in data traffic through the “offloading” strategy, the promise of these bands may be more limited than might otherwise be expected (Musey, 2013).\ud \ud Wireless data traffic has exploded in the past several years due to more capable devices and faster network technologies. While there is some debate on the trajectory of data growth, some notable reports include AT&T, which reported data growth of over 5000% from 2008 to 2010 and Cisco, who predicted that mobile data traffic will grow to 6.3 exabytes per month in average by 2015 (Hu, 2012). Although the data traffic increased dramatically, relatively little new spectrum for mobile operators has come online in the last several years; further, the “flat-rate” pricing strategy has led to declining Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) for the mobile operators. Their challenge, then, is how to satisfy the service demand with acceptable additional expenditures on infrastructure and spectrum utilization.\ud \ud A common response to this challenge has been to offload data traffic onto unlicensed (usually WiFi) networks. This can be accomplished either by establishing infrastructure (WiFi hotspots) or to use existing private networks. This phenomenon leads to two potential risks for spectrum entrants: (1) the use of offloading may overwhelm unlicensed spectrum and leave little access opportunities for newcomers; (2) the intensity of the traffic may increase interference and degrade innovative services.\ud \ud Consequently, opening more unlicensed frequency bands alone may not necessarily lead to more unlicensed usage. In this paper, we will estimate spectrum that left for unlicensed usage and analyze risks for unlicensed users in unlicensed bands in terms of access opportunities and monetary gain. We will further provide recommendations that help foster unlicensed usage in unlicensed bands

Optimization of Plasma Plume Characteristics Based on Multi-anode Coaxial Ablative Pulsed Plasma Thruster

A special surface discharge is proposed based on the multi-anode electrode geometry. Instead of the traditional surface flashover of creepage on the insulator surface between the electrodes, a surface discharge with one of the electrodes being placed far away from the insulator is achieved in this paper. The unique electric field distribution due to the multi-anode electrode geometry has a significant influence on the discharge process of the surface discharge. It changes the generation and propagation process of the plasma, forming a plasma plume contributes to the propulsion performance of the thruster. Through theoretical analysis of the obtained plume data, it is indicated that the ablative pulsed plasma thruster based on multi-anode electrode geometry (short for multi-anode APPT) promotes the internal pressure of the plasma jet during its propagation and significantly increases the density and energy of charged particles. The discharge phenomena manifest that the multi-anode APPT and the helix-coil multi-anode APPT effectively increase the intensity of the plasma plume. Through electron density spatial distribution measurement, it has been found that the helix-coil multi-anode APPT increases the density of plasma in the axial direction to more than 4 times of the conventional coaxial APPT and reduces the electron density in other directions. In the propulsion test, it has been demonstrated that the multi-anode APPT and the helix-coil multi-anode APPT have better performance in terms of the impulse bit and the thrust-to-power ratio. In addition, it is also identified that the pinch effect will be enhanced with the increase of discharge power and the propulsion performance is promoted more distinctly. The multi-anode APPT and the helixcoil multi-anode APPT have been proved to have potential application advantage in the field of micro-satellite propulsion.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure

Hybrid Functional Study Rationalizes the Simple Cubic Phase of Calcium at High Pressures

Simple cubic (SC) phase has been long experimentally determined as the high-pressure phase III of elemental calcium (Ca) since 1984. However, recent density functional calculations within semi-local approximation showed that this SC phase is structurally unstable by exhibiting severely imaginary phonons, and is energetically unstable with respect to a theoretical body-centered tetragonal I41/amd structure over the pressure range of phase III. These calculations generated extensive debates on the validity of SC phase. Here we have re-examined the SC structure by performing more precise density functional calculations within hybrid functionals of Heyd-Scuseria-Erhzerhof (HSE) and PBE0. Our calculations were able to rationalize fundamentally the phase stability of SC structure over all other known phases by evidence of its actual energetic stability above 33 GPa and its intrinsically dynamical stability without showing any imaginary phonons in the entire pressure range studied. We further established that the long-thought theoretical I41/amd structure remains stable in a narrow pressure range before entering SC phase and is actually the structure of experimental Ca-III' synthesized recently at low temperature 14 K as supported by the excellent agreement between our simulated X-ray diffraction patterns and the experimental data. Our results shed strong light on the crucial role played by the precise electron exchange energy in a proper description of the potential energy of Ca.Comment: submitted to Physical Review