Fast Autofocusing using Tiny Transformer Networks for Digital Holographic Microscopy

The numerical wavefront backpropagation principle of digital holography confers unique extended focus capabilities, without mechanical displacements along z-axis. However, the determination of the correct focusing distance is a non-trivial and time consuming issue. A deep learning (DL) solution is proposed to cast the autofocusing as a regression problem and tested over both experimental and simulated holograms. Single wavelength digital holograms were recorded by a Digital Holographic Microscope (DHM) with a 10$\mathrm{x}$ microscope objective from a patterned target moving in 3D over an axial range of 92 $\mu$m. Tiny DL models are proposed and compared such as a tiny Vision Transformer (TViT), tiny VGG16 (TVGG) and a tiny Swin-Transfomer (TSwinT). The experiments show that the predicted focusing distance $Z_R^{\mathrm{Pred}}$ is accurately inferred with an accuracy of 1.2 $\mu$m in average in comparison with the DHM depth of field of 15 $\mu$m. Numerical simulations show that all tiny models give the $Z_R^{\mathrm{Pred}}$ with an error below 0.3 $\mu$m. Such a prospect would significantly improve the current capabilities of computer vision position sensing in applications such as 3D microscopy for life sciences or micro-robotics. Moreover, all models reach state of the art inference time on CPU, less than 25 ms per inference

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) vs Vision Transformer (ViT) for Digital Holography

International audienceIn Digital Holography (DH), it is crucial to extract the object distance from a hologram in order to reconstruct its amplitude and phase. This step is called auto-focusing and it is conventionally solved by first reconstructing a stack of images and then by sharpening each reconstructed image using a focus metric such as entropy or variance. The distance corresponding to the sharpest image is considered the focal position. This approach, while effective, is computationally demanding and time-consuming. In this paper, the determination of the distance is performed by Deep Learning (DL). Two deep learning (DL) achitectures are compared: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Vision transformer (ViT). ViT and CNN are used to cope with the problem of auto-focusing as a classification problem. Compared to a first attempt [1] in which the distance between two consecutive classes was 100μm, our proposal allows us to drastically reduce this distance to 1μm. Moreover, ViT reaches similar accuracy and is more robust than CNN

Digital Holographic Microscopy applied to 3D Computer Microvision by using Deep Neural Networks

International audienc

Fast autofocusing using tiny transformer networks for digital holographic microscopy

International audienc

Computer microvision-based precision motion measurement by digital holographic microscopy and deep transformer neural networks

International audienceAn area of particular importance in developing advanced imaging techniques concerns 3D motion measurement in small-scale mechatronics and automated microscopy. One major drawback is related to complex motion measurement with 6 degrees of freedom. In the proposed work, the extraction of unknown metrics such as focusing distance, in plane and out-of-plane positioning from digital holograms is performed including real‐time constraints. This work explores extended computer micro-vision capabilities offered by combining digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and last generation of deep learning algorithms such as Vision Transformer (ViT) networks. Our experiments show that the reconstruction in-focus distance can be predicted in DHM with a high accuracy using tiny modified architectures of deep ViT networks and convolutional neural networks (CNN). We compare ViT and Tiny ViT models with deep CNN usually used in digital holography such as VGG16, LeNet and AlexNet

Extended machine vision-control capabilities using digital holography and transformer neural networks

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Computer microvision-based precision motion measurement by digital holographic microscopy and deep transformer neural networks

International audienceAn area of particular importance in developing advanced imaging techniques concerns 3D motion measurement in small-scale mechatronics and automated microscopy. One major drawback is related to complex motion measurement with 6 degrees of freedom. In the proposed work, the extraction of unknown metrics such as focusing distance, in plane and out-of-plane positioning from digital holograms is performed including real‐time constraints. This work explores extended computer micro-vision capabilities offered by combining digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and last generation of deep learning algorithms such as Vision Transformer (ViT) networks. Our experiments show that the reconstruction in-focus distance can be predicted in DHM with a high accuracy using tiny modified architectures of deep ViT networks and convolutional neural networks (CNN). We compare ViT and Tiny ViT models with deep CNN usually used in digital holography such as VGG16, LeNet and AlexNet

Self-autofocusing using deep learning for digital holography and applied to position measurement

International audienceThe numerical wavefront backpropagation principle of digital holography (DH) confers unique extended focus capabilities. However, the determination of the correct focus distance is a difficult and time consuming problem. To cope with this problem, a deep learning solution is proposed to cast the auto-focusing as a classification problem. The experiments show that a good accuracy (1-3 μm) can be reached for a set of holograms ranging on a distance of 10 μm and using a 10x microscope objective

Extended autofocusing capabilities in digital holographic microscopy with transformer neural networks

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Digital holographic microscopy applied to 3D computer microvision by using deep neural networks

Deep neural networks are increasingly applied in many branches of applied science such as computer vision and image processing by increasing performances of instruments. Different deep architectures such as convolutional neural networks or Vision Transformers can be used in advanced coherent imaging techniques such as digital holography to extract various metrics such as autofocusing reconstruction distance or 3D position determination in order to target automated microscopy or real-time phase image restitution. Deep neural networks can be trained with both datasets simulated and experimental holograms, by transfer learning. Overall, the application of deep neural networks in digital holographic microscopy and 3D computer micro-vision has the potential to significantly improve the robustness and processing speed of holograms to infer and control a 3D position for applications in micro-robotics