THE FUNCTION OF THE STATES

For the second time in this century, thoughtful men are studying plans for the stabilization of a post-war world, determined to devise a pattern of peace which shall embody new moral and economic standards and the highest ideals of human liberty, intent on fashioning a design for living under which the nations of the world may find freedom, justice, dignity, and prosperity. In this high adventure the United States has a full role to play, for, without our interest and cooperation, there can be no enduring compact. But, important as this quest may be, another task of at least equal significance awaits us in this historic time-the task of formulating a contemporary political philosophy as to the function of the states in our system of government

SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF GUARANTEED WAR LOANS

Of the many innovations in the field of commercial banking since 1933, one of the most important introduced as a result of the war emergency is the guaranteed war loan plan which was authorized by the President under Executive Order 9112, dated March 26, 1942. Under the plan any loan made by any financing institution, including specified government agencies, to a borrower engaged in the production of war materials may be guaranteed by the War or Navy Departments or the Maritime Commission of the federal government, in those cases where the borrower is unable to obtain adequate financing without such guarantee. In this paper, I shall review the more important characteristics of the plan, the general procedure in making loans of this type, the loan transaction and some of the legal problems incident to such extension of credit

Water Resources Management Plan: Arches National Park & Canyonlands National Park, Utah

The National Park Service recognizes the importance of preserving, conserving, and protecting water resources within its boundaries. Water resources, whether as large as the Colorado River or as small as a seep in Ernie\u27s Country of Canyonlands National Park, play a distinctive role in linking ecosystems and , in general, provide habitat for a number of organisms. To protect park water resources, the Natinoal Park Service initiated a Water REsources Planning Program in 1991. The planning program provides an essential step in developing a comprehensive understanding of a park\u27s hydrological system and the complex resource issues which surround it. The planning program includes several products including Water Resource Issues Overviews, Water Resources Scoping Reports, and Water Resources Mangement Plan

A macroprolactinoma becoming resistant to cabergoline and developing atypical pathology

Pituitary adenomas are a common intracranial neoplasm, usually demonstrating a benign phenotype. They can be classified according to pathological, radiological or clinical behaviour as typical, atypical or carcinomas, invasive or noninvasive, and aggressive or nonaggressive. Prolactinomas account for 40-60% of all pituitary adenomas, with dopamine agonists representing the first-line treatment and surgery/radiotherapy reserved for drug intolerance/resistance or in neuro-ophthalmological emergencies. We present the case of a 62-year-old man with an apparently indolent prolactin-secreting macroadenoma managed with partial resection and initially showing a biochemical response to cabergoline. Five years later, the tumour became resistant to cabergoline, despite a substantial increase in dosage, showing rapid growth and causing worsening of vision. The patient then underwent two further transsphenoidal operations and continued on high-dose cabergoline; despite these interventions, the tumour continued enlarging and prolactin increased to 107 269 U/L. Histology of the third surgical specimen demonstrated features of aggressive behaviour (atypical adenoma with a high cell proliferation index) not present in the tumour removed at the first operation. Subsequently, he was referred for radiotherapy aiming to control tumour growth

Quantification of Upper Extremity Physical Exposures of Materials Handling Tasks in Seated and Standing Configurations

Prolonged periods in sitting or standing may negatively influence worker health. Integration of sit-stand workstations has attempted to mitigate these deleterious effects, and has generated positive results in terms of postural discomfort, injury risk and worker fatigue. Identification of how identical tasks are affected by sitting and standing is necessary to take advantage of loading differences between these configurations. The purpose of this research was to determine if differences in workplace configurations between seated and standing postures created changes in posture or muscular activity levels during manual materials handling tasks. Twenty male and twenty female participants performed four manual materials handling tasks: a 40N static push, a 40N static pull, a weighted bottle transfer set at 15% of the participant’s maximal arm elevation force, and a light assembly task in sitting and standing. Upper extremity electromyography was collected at 8 sites, and changes in local joint moments and body discomfort were calculated. Interactions between task and sit/stand configuration resulted in increases of up to 500% in some joint moments, 94% in EMG activity and 880% in some local body discomfort regions when tasks were completed in sitting. A main effect of sitting appeared primarily in joint moments and muscle activity, and generally resulted in increased loading in sitting. Important exceptions existed, which included resultant wrist joint loading 8.2 times larger in standing, and foot/shank discomfort increasing by up to 609%. Task differentially affected all EMG outputs, as well as most local joint moments and body discomfort regions. Future recommendations regarding upper extremity exposures during manual materials handling tasks should consider placing workers in standing postures instead of seated ones to minimize musculoskeletal loading to the upper extremity. In addition, the effects of task and sit/stand configuration should be considered in order to leverage differences between these positions, with tasks in standing generally resulting in decreased musculoskeletal disorder risks

A combined in vivo and in vitro approach to assess supraspinatus activation and tissue responses to arm elevation demands

Rotator cuff degeneration affects a large portion of the human population, yet knowledge surrounding which loading scenarios allow transition from healthy to diseased states remains largely unresolved. Mechanistic progression of rotator cuff pathology often originates in the supraspinatus before cascading to other tissues, leading to substantial degeneration. Posture, loading and repetitive motions are known risk factors that exacerbate shoulder injury progression. This suggests a causal relationship between specific upper extremity task scenarios and degenerative rotator cuff loading. This thesis intentionally explored regional activations of the supraspinatus and accompanying tendon loading across a range of postures. The global objective was to evaluate how postural and task intensity differences alter tissue-level mechanical parameters in both in vivo muscular activation and in vitro tangent stiffness, hysteresis and optical stretch ratios. These findings combine in vivo muscular activation and physiologically relevant in vitro mechanical testing results through novel methods to better understand supraspinatus loading. Three experimental studies provided the means to achieve this global objective. In Vivo Examination of Supraspinatus Activation: The purposes of this study were 1) to document the interplay of anterior and posterior supraspinatus activations and 2) to describe the influences of posture and hand loads on anterior and posterior supraspinatus activations. Forty participants completed arm elevations in seven planes of elevation with three hand loads that were normalized to the individual’s maximal elevation force. Indwelling electromyography was collected from the anterior and posterior regions of supraspinatus. Hand load and elevation angle interacted to affect the anterior region activation in most planes of elevation by up to 41% of maximal activation, but these changes were less influential for the posterior portion. Activation patterns between the two regions suggest different functional roles of the supraspinatus portions; consistent levels of activation in the posterior supraspinatus may indicate this region is primarily a glenohumeral stabilizer, while the larger anterior region acts to achieve glenohumeral motion. This work represents the most comprehensive concurrent evaluation of these supraspinatus regions over a large set of planes of elevation, hand loads and humeral elevations, providing more holistic descriptions of supraspinatus activation in a critical arm movement. Comparing Surface Electromyography of Supraspinatus to Anterior and Posterior Indwelling Recordings: The purpose of this study was to compare anterior and posterior supraspinatus indwelling electromyography responses to a surface supraspinatus signal across a range of arm postures in order to develop relationships between these two recording methods. Forty participants completed arm elevations with altering hand loads and planes of elevation at a fixed cadence. Indwelling electromyography of the anterior and posterior supraspinatus as well as a surface recording of supraspinatus were collected. Bivariate regressions of anterior and posterior indwelling electrodes relative to the bipolar surface electrodes were used to determine relationships between these signals throughout the range of these humeral elevations. Differences between these predictions were modulated by plane of elevation, elevation angle, load intensity and sex of the participant, but no interactions existed. Surface signals underestimated indwelling activation recordings at low elevation angles, then overestimated as humeral elevation angle increased. Surface recordings underestimated indwelling signals by up to 15% in unloaded conditions, while overestimating the posterior region by up to 17% at the highest hand load intensity. In addition, surface signals overestimated posterior supraspinatus indwelling activity by 21%. This work greatly expands current knowledge surrounding relationships between these indwelling and surface signals, both in the inclusion of the indwelling posterior supraspinatus recordings and the expansion of arm postures examined. These findings indicate that relationships between the surface and indwelling signals are altered by plane of elevation, load and elevation angle, and the surface signal more closely predicts anterior region activity. Examining Changes of In Vitro Supraspinatus Mechanical Properties in a Rat Model: The purposes of this study were 1) to complete in vitro mechanical tissue testing in scenarios emulative of empirical muscular activation and postural conditions in an animal model, and 2) to determine the relative influences of arm posture and external loading levels on tissue responses. Forty-eight shoulders harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats were affixed into custom 3D printed mounting pots and placed into one of eight testing groups combining glenohumeral posture and load magnitude. Orientations represented four different postures observed in vivo, and applied tensile load within the animal model was scaled from human activation of the two supraspinatus regions collected from in vivo research for 1500 cycles. A three-way interaction between elevation angle, load magnitude and cycle number occurred for tangent stiffness within specific cycles, with increasing angles, loads and cycles increasing stiffness by up to 49% in some scenarios; differences in maximum and minimum displacement indicated elevated tissue responses in higher elevation angles. Interactions between elevation angle, load intensity and cycle number altered stretch ratio characteristics, with increased elevation angles, loads and cycles increasing stretch ratios, as well as differentiating articular and bursal side responses. Complex interactions between angle, load and cycle number suggest higher abduction angles, increased load magnitude and subsequent cycles generated increased tendon response characteristics. Novel thesis contributions: Multiple novel findings and contributions originated from this work. This dissertation has combined in vivo and in vitro methodologies to advance understanding of rotator cuff mechanics. This dissertation supports the notion that supraspinatus loading varies throughout the range of motion, and postural and external load variations alter tissue-level supraspinatus responses. Activations of the anterior and posterior regions of the supraspinatus were collected from the largest collection of postures to date and described activation differences between these regions. These EMG activations were used to assist in determining applied force load levels for mechanical testing, representing the first known attempt to generate force-controlled tensile loading using physiologically derived exposure levels for the supraspinatus. This work is also the first to maintain a functional glenohumeral unit to complete mechanical testing using postures representative of those observed in vivo to examine supraspinatus responses. General conclusions: Posture and load magnitude have distinct and noteworthy effects on supraspinatus, both in muscular activation and tendon responses. This research combined in vivo muscular activation with in vitro mechanical tissue testing to generate novel findings for rotator cuff loading; further work should continue to pair in vivo responses with mechanical tendon loading to generate physiologically relevant research scenarios throughout the range of humeral postures. This work has established that the supraspinatus is sensitive to scenario conditions, but continued expansion of our understanding of exposure aspects would help diagnose or anticipate overexposure

Regional activation of anterior and posterior supraspinatus differs by plane of elevation, hand load and elevation angle

The final publication is available at Elsevier via https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.08.003 © 2018. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The supraspinatus is one of the muscles of the rotator cuff, and growing research on fibre type composition and mechanical advantages in specific postures suggest this muscle may have distinct anterior and posterior regions. Activation differences between these regions may identify important functional differences. This research quantified muscular activation of these regions throughout a range of motion with differing hand loads. Forty participants completed paced humeral elevations in 7 planes of elevation (0/15/30/40/60/75/90°) using 3 hand loads (unloaded arm/20%/40% maximal elevation strength). Indwelling electromyography collected muscle activity of the anterior and posterior supraspinatus. Hand load and elevation angle interacted to affect activity of the anterior supraspinatus in most planes of elevation - by up to 41 %MVC (p < 0.01), but in few planes for the posterior region. Plane of elevation influenced anterior and posterior region activation by up to 17 %MVC and 13 %MVC, respectively (p < 0.01). Increasing hand loads increased activation in both regions (p < 0.01), but more so for the anterior region. These differences may indicate differences in function between the two regions. The sustained activation in the smaller posterior supraspinatus may indicate this region as primarily a glenohumeral stabilizer, while the larger anterior region acts to achieve glenohumeral motion.NSERC Discovery Grant (311895-2011)Canada Foundation for InnovationOntario Research FundNSERC Canada Research Chair Progra

Multi-Scale Analysis of Magnetic Fields in Filamentary Molecular Clouds in Orion A

New visible and K-band polarization measurements on stars surrounding molecular clouds in Orion A and stars in the BN vicinity are presented. Our results confirm that magnetic fields located inside the Orion A molecular clouds and in their close neighborhood are spatially connected. On and around the BN object, we measured the angular offsets between the K-band polarization data and available submm data. We find high values of the polarization degree, P_{K}, and of the optical depth, \tau_{K}, close to an angular offset position of 90^{\circ} whereas lower values of P_{K} and \tau_{K} are observed for smaller angular offsets. We interpret these results as evidence for the presence of various magnetic field components toward lines of sight in the vicinity of BN. On a larger scale, we measured the distribution of angular offsets between available H-band polarization data and the same submm data set. Here we find an increase of with angular offset which we interpret as a rotation of the magnetic field by \lesssim 60^{\circ}. This trend generalizes previous results on small scale toward and around lines of sight to BN and is consistent with a twist of the magnetic field on a larger scale towards OMC-1. A comparison of our results with several other studies suggests that a two-component magnetic field, maybe helical, could be wrapping the OMC-1 filament.Comment: 53 pages, 21 figures, 7 tables, Accepted in the Astrophysical Journa