Consonant clusters and verb stems: making sense of distributional gaps

This paper investigates an apparent gap in the distribution of nasal + stop clusters, as well as certain aspects of the diachronic emergence of this gap, in Latin and Hungarian. The phenomenon investigated is the absence of a frequent consonant cluster ([nt] in Latin, [ŋk] in Hungarian) from a position at the end of verb stems. An important property of the missing consonant cluster in both languages is that it also functions as a person marker in the verbal inflection. It is argued that in Latin this gap is functionally motivated: it represents a case of syntagmatic pressure to avoid repeating the same sequence at too close an interval. In Hungarian, by contrast, the absence of [ŋk] from verb stem-final position is arguably unrelated to the identical phonological form of the 1Plural affix and is simply the result of accidents of diachronic development

Pál Pereszlényi and the development of morphological analysis in the early grammars of Hungarian

The morphological analysis of Hungarian in the early period of grammatical work was based on three interlaced traditions: Classical Graeco-Roman, Hebrew and German. These were applied to languages that were structurally very much unlike Hungarian. The evolution of morphological analysis was therefore a relatively slow and complicated process, whose milestones discussed in this paper, the four earliest grammars of Hungarian, all represent different stages of development. The grammar by Pál Pereszlényi, which is analysed in some detail here, surpasses the earlier grammars in its acumen on at least three counts: the same set of analytical terms is applied in the description of nominal and verbal morphology; the notions of bound stem and relative stem are clearly recognised; a distinction is made between stems as morphological constituents and word forms serving as starting points of paradigms

The nature of phonological conditioning in Latin inflectional allomorphy

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the inflectional morphology of Latin in terms of the patterns of allomorphy and the environments governing the distribution of allomorphs. It is demonstrated that all the attested allomorphic alternations can be described as functions of a vocalic scale, practically the sonority scale of vowels plus the undifferentiated class of consonants as the least sonorous extreme. The distribution of allomorphs along the vocalic scale crucially displays the property of contiguity, i.e., the subsections of the scale that trigger one particular allomorph are uninterrupted

Book review

Jakab Máté: A 19. századi nyelvtudomány rövid története [A short history of linguistics in the 19th century]. Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1997, 216 pp.; Jakab Máté: A 20. századi nyelvtudomány történetének főbb elméletei és irányzatai [The main theories and trends of the history of linguistics in the 20th century]. Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1998, 359 pp.; Jakab Máté: A nyelvtudomány (vázlatos) története az ókortól a 19. század elejéig [An outline of the history of linguistics from antiquity to the beginning of the 19th century]. Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 2003, 357 pp

Comparison of South Africa's automotive investment scheme to similar trade, export and investment financial assistance regimes (incentives) of Nigeria and Kenya

Comparison of South Africa 's Automotive Investment Scheme to similar trade, export and investment financial assistance (incentives) regimes of Nigeria and Kenya The AIS is a South African government investment incentive offered within South Africa's Automotive Production and Development Program. The intention of the AIS is to grow and develop the automotive sector through investment in the production of new and/or replacement models and components. The overall aim of the research is to analyse whether the manner in which the AIS incentives seek to achieve the above objectives , and the objectives themselves are aligned and furthermore to indicate the potential weakness of the AIS . The analysis of the weaknesses focuses in particular on potential inconsistencies amongst the provisions of the AIS or amongst the provisions of the AIS and the provisions of its sub - components. Furthermore, the research will review whether the economic benefit criteria of the AIS to be fulfilled by applicants are sufficiently detailed or the lack of details creates uncertainty with the interpretation and implementation. Lastly, the paper will review the transparency elements of the AIS. To obtain an answer to this question, the AIS will be analysed and will be compared against the policies and/or legislation of Nigeria and Kenya, where applicable, to determine whether the policies of these two countries could inform the AIS in achieving its objectives. The analysis will be executed in six chapters. The first chapter is an introduction. Chapter two will cover the policy reasons for the introduction of automotive (and manufacturing related) policies in South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya. Chapter three will provide an overview of the policies and, where applicable, the relevant legislation in the three countries that deal with the automotive industries. As the policies of the three countries are very differently construed , the intention of this paper is not to undertake a full and comprehensive overview of all the relevant South African legislation dealing with tax, customs duties or investment protection to investors in the automotive sector because such legislation is currently one of the key pillars of the Nigerian and Kenyan policies . Therefore, the focus will be on comparing the structure, objectives and operation of the policies of Nigeria and Kenya where it is comparable with the AIS or the APDP. The fourth chapter will deal with the investment specific incentives and benefits provided in the three countries , in particular in relation to cash grants and t heir availability (or not) for investors in Nigeria and Kenya. In relation to Nigeria and Kenya the legislation and policies having similar objectives or structure will be discussed. For South Africa the achievements of the AIS will also be analysed briefly to understand how it has performed against its objectives up until 2015. Chapter five will discuss the institutions and government agencies which are authorized and responsible for handling funding applications, for negotiating funding/investment agreements , and approving and monitoring investment projects related to the automotive industry. The final chapter shall conclude on the findings, and highlight the potential weaknesses of the AIS by providing proposals for improvement based on the lessons learnt from Kenya and/or Nigeria, where or if possible

A report on the internship experience in educational leadership at Eastern Camden County Regional School District

The current system of record-keeping for the various student activity accounts was assessed and revised in order to establish a more accurate and efficient accounting policy of all monies. Internal audits will be implemented in order to demonstrate a more critical accounting for all student activity accounts. In addition to monthly and year ending reconciliation statements it will be necessary at the end of each fiscal year to provide district auditors with accurate financial documents exhibiting the receipt of student monies for various activity accounts. Prior to developing a revised accounting system for student activity accounts, current practices, procedures and policies were studied and evaluated. In conjunction with the study of these systems, surveys were conducted from administration and activity advisors in order to acquire relevant input toward the revised system. The goal of such interviews was to ensure that individuals responsible for following and implementing the revised system would have a direct impact on its outcome as well as take ownership of the newly revised procedures. The revised accounting system for the student activity accounts resulted in several different policy changes. Activities requiring small collections of student money will be required to utilize ticket stubs. These tickets will serve two purposes. First, the ticket stubs will function as a receipt to the individual providing payment. Second, recording the number of tickets issued will provide documentation of the number of people issued tickets as well as the amount which was collected for a given event. Tickets will be distributed via the office, and advisors will be required to sign out ticket rolls for utilization of different student activity events. In addition to the use of ticket stubs, collection of larger amounts of student funds will be required to employ receipt books. Copies will be maintained by the student making payment, the business office upon deposit of funds, as well as a copy maintained in the general office from which receipt books will be retrieved prior to collection of student funds. Both the use of ticket stubs and receipt books will provide additional documentation of all funds collected and avoid potential inappropriation of funds. This revised system must be evaluated one year following its inception to ensure proper use and compliance of the policy. Clarification of its need and implementation will be provided on an as-needed basis. Once advisors have become familiar with the system, it can then be expanded into other realms of activities within the district. Further revisions will need to be made once an evaluation has been made. Input should also be provided from those individuals involved with the entire procedure, including: activity advisors, district book-keeper, district auditors, and the administration

The lowering of high vowels before [r] in Latin

This paper discusses a putative sound change in the early history of Latin and synchronic alternations apparently related to it. The lowering of short high vowels before the rhotic is problematic on several counts; so much so that serious doubt has been cast on its reality. On the other hand, due to widespread alternations in the morphophonology of Classical Latin it is reasonable to assume that such a lowering operated as a synchronic rule at that stage. A minor asymmetry in the relevant alternations of verbal affixes in infectum-based vs. perfectum-based formations presents an interesting problem to which I suggest two tentative explanations