Intact rate of differentiation in the adult dentate gyrus of GluN2A^−/− mice.

<p>(<b><i>A</i></b>) Representative images of dentate gyrus sections processed for NeuroD immunohistochemistry in wild-type (WT, <i>left panel</i>) and GluN2A^−/− (<i>right panel</i>) mice. (<b><i>B</i></b>) No change in the number of NeuroD-positive cells in the adult dentate gyrus of GluN2A^−/− mice, in comparison to wild-type littermates. For graph, WT: black; GluN2A^−/−: white. Data is represented as means ± SEM. Scale bar  = 100 µm (<b><i>A</i></b>).</p

Altered dendritic morphology in IGZ dentate granule cells from GluN2A^−/− mice.

<p>(<b><i>A, D</i></b>) Total dendritic length was significantly decreased in GluN2A^−/− inner granular zone (IGZ) cells (<b><i>A</i></b>) and unaltered in GluN2A^−/− outer granular zone (OGZ) cells (<b><i>D</i></b>). <b><i>B, E,</i></b> Sholl analysis of IGZ (<b><i>B</i></b>) and OGZ (<b><i>E</i></b>) cells. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a main effect of genotype in IGZ cells (<b><i>B</i></b>), with GluN2A^−/− IGZ cells having a lower number of dendrites per ring intersection from 80–160 µm from soma. No effect of genotype was seen in OGZ cells (<b><i>E</i></b>). (<b><i>C, F</i></b>) Branch order analysis of IGZ (<b><i>C</i></b>) and OGZ (<b><i>F</i></b>) cells. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a main effect of genotype in IGZ cells (<b><i>C</i></b>), showing a significantly less number of third-order branches in GluN2A^−/− IGZ cells. OGZ cells did not show a main effect of genotype (<b><i>F</i></b>). For all graphs, WT: black; GluN2A^−/−: white. Data is represented as means ± SEM. * denotes statistical significant difference (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

GluN2A does not alter the number of primary dendrites in dentate granule cells.

<p>(<b><i>A, B</i></b>) Representative images of Golgi-impregnated cells from the inner granular zone (IGZ, <b><i>A</i></b>) and outer granular zone (OGZ, <b><i>B</i></b>). Light micrographs were acquired at 10x (<i>left panels</i>) and 40x (<i>right panels</i>) magnification. (<b><i>C, D</i></b>) Percentage of dentate granule cells with different numbers of primary dendrites. GluN2A expression did not alter the number of cells with one (<i>black</i>), two (<i>grey</i>), and three or more (<i>white</i>) primary dendrites in IGZ (<b><i>C</i></b>) and OGZ (<b><i>D</i></b>) cells. Scale bar  = 100 µm (<i>left panels</i>), 25 µm (<i>right panels</i>) (<b><i>A, B</i></b>).</p

IGZ dentate granule cells show an increase in spine density in adult GluN2A^−/− mice.

<p>(<b><i>A, D</i></b>) Representative tracings of inner granular zone (IGZ, <b><i>A</i></b>) and outer granular zone (OGZ, <b><i>D</i></b>) cells produced using Neurolucida. Three dendritic regions were chosen from both the middle molecular layer (MML) and outer molecular layer (OML) of the dentate gyrus. (<b><i>B, E</i></b>) Representative images of dendritic regions from wild-type (WT, <i>upper panel</i>) and GluN2A^−/− (<i>lower panel</i>) granule cells located in the IGZ (<b><i>B</i></b>), and OGZ (<b><i>E</i></b>). (<b><i>C, F</i></b><b>)</b> Spine density of IGZ (<b><i>C</i></b>) and OGZ (<b><i>F</i></b>) cells. An increase in spine density was observed in IGZ cells from GluN2A^−/− mice, but only in the middle molecular layer (<b><i>C</i></b>). No changes in spine density were seen in OGZ cells, in either region of the molecular layer (<b><i>F</i></b>). GCL =  Granular Cell Layer. Data is represented as means ± SEM. Scale bar  = 1 µm (<b>B, E</b>). * denotes statistical significant difference (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Intact rate of cell proliferation in the adult dentate gyrus of GluN2A^−/− mice.

<p><b><i>A, C,</i></b> Representative images of dentate gyrus sections processed for Ki-67 (<b><i>A</i></b>) and PCNA (<b><i>C</i></b>) immunohistochemistry in both wild-type (WT, <i>left panels</i>) and GluN2A^−/− (<i>right panels</i>) mice. (<b><i>B, D</i></b>) No change in the number of Ki-67-positive cells (<b><i>B</i></b>) or PCNA-positive cells (<b><i>D</i></b>) in the adult dentate gyrus of GluN2A^−/− mice in comparison to wild-type littermates. For both graphs, WT: black; GluN2A^−/−: white. Data is represented as means ± SEM. Scale bar  = 100 µm (<b><i>A, C</i></b>).</p

Do Board Processes Influence Director and Board Performance? Statutory and performance implications

Based on British legislation, the duties of directors are stated in the New Zealand Companies Act 1993. However, "good" governance is not defined within the Act. Considering the relative importance attached by boards to a variety of governance tasks, this paper evaluates directors' perceptions of the current contribution of fellow board members to different aspects of governance practice. This evaluation is discussed in relation to the influence of board tasks and functions on actions that may be regarded as being in the interests of the company as defined by the Act. The evaluation illustrates the strategic orientation of the board, highlighting the extent to which individual directors and the board as a whole can actually influence key outcomes and, thereby, their governance contribution. The paper reports responses to findings based on a study involving 3000 directors and presents suggestions for enhancing board processes as well as possible changes in expectations that could be encapsulated in legislation. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005.